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permanent magnet materials
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003154
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract Premanent magnet refers to solid materials that have sufficiently high resistance to demagnetizing fields and sufficiently high magnetic flux output to provide useful and stable magnetic fields. Permanent magnet materials include a variety of alloys, intermetallics, and ceramics. This...
Abstract
Premanent magnet refers to solid materials that have sufficiently high resistance to demagnetizing fields and sufficiently high magnetic flux output to provide useful and stable magnetic fields. Permanent magnet materials include a variety of alloys, intermetallics, and ceramics. This article discusses the composition, properties, and applications of permanent magnetic materials, such as hysteresis alloys used in motors. It primarily focuses on the stability of magnetic fields that influences reversible and irreversible losses in magnetization with time, and the choice of magnet material, component shape and magnetic circuit arrangement.
Book Chapter
Book: Alloy Phase Diagrams
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 27 April 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v03.a0006229
EISBN: 978-1-62708-163-4
... decomposition has been particularly useful in the production of permanent magnet materials, because the morphologies favor high magnetic coercivities. It also describes the theory of spinodal decomposition with a simple binary phase diagram. alloy phases binary phase diagram chemical composition...
Abstract
In some phase diagrams, the appearance of several reactions is the result of the presence of intermediate phases. These are phases whose chemical compositions are intermediate between two pure metals, and whose crystalline structures are different from those of the pure metals. This article describes the order-disorder transformation that typically occurs on cooling from a disordered solid solution to an ordered phase. It provides a table that lists selected superlattice structures and alloy phases that order according to each superlattice. The article informs that spinodal decomposition has been particularly useful in the production of permanent magnet materials, because the morphologies favor high magnetic coercivities. It also describes the theory of spinodal decomposition with a simple binary phase diagram.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005442
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... Abstract This article contains a table that lists the density of metals and alloys. It presents information on aluminum, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, nickel, tin, titanium, and zinc, an their respective alloys. Information on wrought alloys, permanent magnet materials, precious metals, and...
Abstract
This article contains a table that lists the density of metals and alloys. It presents information on aluminum, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, nickel, tin, titanium, and zinc, an their respective alloys. Information on wrought alloys, permanent magnet materials, precious metals, and rare earth metals is also listed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003082
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract This article contains tables that present engineering data for the following metals and their alloys: aluminum, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, nickel, tin, titanium, zinc, precious metals, permanent magnet materials, pure metals, rare earth metals, and actinide metals. Data presented...
Abstract
This article contains tables that present engineering data for the following metals and their alloys: aluminum, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, nickel, tin, titanium, zinc, precious metals, permanent magnet materials, pure metals, rare earth metals, and actinide metals. Data presented include density, linear thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, resistivity, and approximate melting temperature. The tables also present approximate equivalent hardness numbers for austenitic steels, nonaustenitic steels, austenitic stainless steel sheet, wrought aluminum products, wrought copper, and cartridge brass. The article lists conversion factors classified according to the quantity/property of interest.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003153
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... characterized by retaining a large amount of residual magnetism after exposure to a strong magnetic field. These materials typically have coercive force, H c , values of several hundred to several thousand oersteds (Oe), and are considered to be permanent magnets. The coercive force is a measure of the...
Abstract
This article discusses the ferromagnetic properties of soft magnetic materials, explaining the effects of impurities, alloying elements, heat treatment, grain size, and grain orientation on soft magnetic materials. It describes the types of soft magnetic materials, which include high-purity iron, low-carbon irons, silicon (electrical) steels, nickel-iron alloys, iron-cobalt alloys, ferritic stainless steels, amorphous metals, and ferrites (ceramics). Finally, the article provides a short note on alloys for magnetic temperature compensation.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005241
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... foundry molds. inorganic binders casting magnetic molding molding plaster-mold casting clay organic resins shell molding ceramic-mold casting rammed graphite molding CASTING can be done with either expendable molds for one-time use or permanent molds for reuse many times. Both...
Abstract
Casting can be done with either expendable molds for one-time use or permanent molds for reuse many times. This article lists various methods used to fabricate expendable molds from permanent patterns. The methods include molding of sand with clay, inorganic binders, or organic resins; shell molding of sand with a thin resin-bonded shell; no-bond vacuum molding of sand; plaster-mold casting; ceramic-mold casting; rammed graphite molding; and magnetic (no-bond) molding of ferrous shot. The article tabulates a general comparison of casting methods and discusses the basic requirements of foundry molds.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005260
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... stresses, and repairability. By contrast, gray iron is more susceptible to thermal stresses and is very difficult to weld repair. Table 1 Recommended permanent mold materials for aluminum Casting size Number of pours 1,000 10,000 100,000 Small castings 25 mm (1 in.) max dimension...
Abstract
This article provides information on metals that can be cast in permanent molds. It discusses the manual and automatic operations, design guidelines, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of the casting. The article describes the number of factors considered when designing and building the molds. It examines the effect of mold design on mold life. The article outlines the primary purposes, procedure, and application of mold coatings. The variables that determine mold temperature and control measures associated with mold temperature are reviewed. The article explains the effect of short-term and long-term variables on the dimensional accuracy of permanent mold castings. It concludes with information on the factors of the surface finish on permanent mold castings.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003089
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Material utilization Quality Equipment tooling costs Casting Sand casting 3D 2 5 2 2 1 Evaporative foam 3D 1 5 2 2 4 Investment casting 3D 2 4 4 4 3 Permanent mold casting 3D 4 2 2 3 2 Pressure die casting 3D solid 5 1 4 2 1 Squeeze casting 3D 3...
Abstract
This article discusses the key factors that influence the selection of engineered materials for a particular application. Materials properties such as ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, hardness, and ductility, which chiefly define the performance or functional characteristics, are covered. This is followed by manufacturing process considerations such as material factors, shape factors, process factors, and the characteristics of fabricability, namely formability, workability, castability, machinability, and weldability.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.9781627081948
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006461
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... within the material. This will then interact with the dynamic magnetic field generated by the current pulse and with the magnetic field from an optional permanent magnet within the transducer, to generate a Lorentz force on the electrons forming the mirror current. This force is transferred to the...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the characteristics of Rayleigh waves plus methods for generation and detection of waves, including using piezoelectric transducers or noncontact techniques such as lasers, electromagnetic acoustic transducers, or air-coupled ultrasonics. It reviews the methods for using Rayleigh waves for defect detection and materials characterization, alongside nonlinear ultrasonic inspection and surface acoustic wave (SAW) microscopy. The article concludes with information on the standards that use Rayleigh waves for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of different structures.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003005
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
..., optical, and/or magnetic properties. The engineered materials described in this article are those that can be fabricated into load-bearing structural products. Based on chemical makeup and atomic structure, most engineered materials fall into one of three basic groups: metals, ceramics, and polymers. A...
Abstract
The selection of engineered materials is an integrated process that requires an understanding of the interaction between materials properties, manufacturing characteristics, design considerations, and the total life cycle of the product. This article classifies various engineered materials, including ferrous alloys, nonferrous alloys, ceramics, cermets and cemented carbides, engineering plastics, polymer-matrix composites, metal-matrix composites, ceramic-matrix and carbon-carbon composites, and reviews their general property characteristics and applications. It describes the synergy between the elements of the materials selection process and presents a general comparison of material properties. Finally, the article provides a short note on computer aided materials selection systems, which help in proper archiving of materials selection decisions for future reference.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006468
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... Abstract Magnetic-particle inspection is a method of locating surface and subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials. This article discusses the applications and advantages and limitations of magnetic-particle inspection. It describes magnetic fields in terms of magnetized ring...
Abstract
Magnetic-particle inspection is a method of locating surface and subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials. This article discusses the applications and advantages and limitations of magnetic-particle inspection. It describes magnetic fields in terms of magnetized ring, magnetized bar, circular magnetization, longitudinal magnetization, and effects of flux direction. General applications, advantages, and limitations of the various magnetizing methods used in magnetic-particle inspection are listed in a table. The article discusses the items that must be considered in establishing a set of procedures for the magnetic-particle inspection of a specific part: type of current, type of magnetic particles, method of magnetization, direction of magnetization, magnitude of applied current, and equipment. It concludes with a discussion on demagnetization after magnetic-particle inspection.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003233
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... inspect magnetic materials for defects such as cracks, voids, and inclusions and to assess other material properties, such as grain size, texture, and hardness. This article discusses the principles of such defect detection, providing details on the origin, generation, and assessment of leakage field data...
Abstract
Magnetic field testing includes some widely used nondestructive evaluation methods to inspect magnetic materials for defects such as cracks, voids, and inclusions and to assess other material properties, such as grain size, texture, and hardness. This article discusses the principles of such defect detection, providing details on the origin, generation, and assessment of leakage field data. In addition, it discusses the metallurgical and magnetic properties of magnetic materials and the applications of magnetic field testing.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005332
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
..., nickel, beryllium, chromium, and iron. The article discusses minor alloying additions, including antimony, bismuth, selenium, manganese, and phosphorus. Copper alloys can be cast by many processes, including sand casting, permanent mold casting, precision casting, high-pressure die casting, and low...
Abstract
The properties of copper alloys occur in unique combinations found in no other alloy system. This article focuses on the major and minor alloying additions and their impact on the properties of copper. It describes major alloying additions, such as zinc, tin, lead, aluminum, silicon, nickel, beryllium, chromium, and iron. The article discusses minor alloying additions, including antimony, bismuth, selenium, manganese, and phosphorus. Copper alloys can be cast by many processes, including sand casting, permanent mold casting, precision casting, high-pressure die casting, and low-pressure die casting. The article provides information on the types of copper castings and tabulates the nominal chemical composition and mechanical properties of several cast alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003232
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract Magnetic-particle inspection is a nondestructive testing technique used to locate surface and subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials. Beginning with an overview of the applications, advantages, and limitations of magnetic-particle inspection, this article provides a...
Abstract
Magnetic-particle inspection is a nondestructive testing technique used to locate surface and subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials. Beginning with an overview of the applications, advantages, and limitations of magnetic-particle inspection, this article provides a detailed account of the portable power sources available for magnetization, and the different ways of generating magnetic fields using yokes, coils, central conductors, prod contacts, direct-contact, and induced current. In addition, the article discusses the characteristics and classification, and properties of magnetic particles and suspended liquids. Finally, the article outlines the types of discontinuities (surface and subsurface) that can be identified by magnetic-particle inspection and the importance of demagnetization after inspection.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006779
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... Abstract Fatigue failures may occur in components subjected to fluctuating (time-dependent) loading as a result of progressive localized permanent damage described by the stages of crack initiation, cyclic crack propagation, and subsequent final fracture after a given number of load...
Abstract
Fatigue failures may occur in components subjected to fluctuating (time-dependent) loading as a result of progressive localized permanent damage described by the stages of crack initiation, cyclic crack propagation, and subsequent final fracture after a given number of load fluctuations. This article begins with an overview of fatigue properties and design life. This is followed by a description of the two approaches to fatigue, namely infinite-life criterion and finite-life criterion, along with information on damage tolerance criterion. The article then discusses the characteristics of fatigue fractures followed by a discussion on the effects of loading and stress distribution, and material condition on the microstructure of the material. In addition, general prevention and characteristics of corrosion fatigue, contact fatigue, and thermal fatigue are also presented.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006442
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... successful application of MBN measurement and signal interpretation. The article provides an overview of basic magnetic phenomena and dynamics in ferromagnetic materials that underlie the origin of MBN emissions. It describes the changes in the domain structure of the ferromagnetic material under an applied...
Abstract
This article discusses the principles and limitations of micromagnetic techniques, namely, magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) and magnetoacoustic emission (MAE). It also discusses various factors limiting the establishment of acceptance criteria for test components as they pertain to the successful application of MBN measurement and signal interpretation. The article provides an overview of basic magnetic phenomena and dynamics in ferromagnetic materials that underlie the origin of MBN emissions. It describes the changes in the domain structure of the ferromagnetic material under an applied external field. The relationship between uniaxial stress and angular-dependent strain is also discussed. The influence of stress on domain walls, and therefore, the generation of Barkhausen noise are described. The article also describes the directional and angular MBN measurements and provides information on detection, angular dependence, and advanced analysis methods of MBN emissions.
Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0009015
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... Fig. 1 Chart of shape casting process In the case of an expendable old, made with bonded sand or other loose granular mold material, the patterns may be permanent as is typical in sand casting or expendable as in lost foam and investment casting. When patterns are permanent, the mold must be...
Abstract
This article provides a general introduction on casting processes and design. It discusses the process steps and methods of the main categories of shape casting methods, namely, expendable molds with permanent patterns, expendable molds with expendable patterns, and metal or permanent mold processes. The article lists general guidelines of geometry in casting design. It describes the factors, such as mold complexity and casting solidification, in casting design. The solidification of a casting can involve as many as three separate contractions as a result of cooling: liquid-liquid contraction, solid-solid contraction, and liquid-solid contraction. The article discusses the factors influencing the solidification sequence of simple shapes, such as T-sections, X-sections, and L-sections. It also provides an overview of geometric factors that influence heat transfer and transport phenomena. The article concludes with a description of the structure and properties of a casting.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006650
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... Abstract This article focuses on the application of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in materials science, especially for inorganic and organic polymer solids. It begins with a discussion on the general principles of NMR, providing information on nuclear spin...
Abstract
This article focuses on the application of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in materials science, especially for inorganic and organic polymer solids. It begins with a discussion on the general principles of NMR, providing information on nuclear spin descriptions and line narrowing and spectral resolution and describing the impact of magnetic field on nuclear spins and the factors determining resonance frequency. This is followed by a description of various systems and equipment necessary for NMR spectroscopy. A discussion on general sampling for solid-state NMR, sample-spinning requirements, and extraneous signals is then included. Various factors pertinent to accurate calibration of the NMR spectrum are also described. The article provides information on some of the parameters both beneficial and problematic for processing NMR data. It ends with a description of the applications of NMR in glass science and ceramics.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003148
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... them useful in transducers (sonar) and in extremely accurate positioning devices. In permanent magnets, cobalt increases the Curie temperature and saturation magnetism. Permanent magnet materials utilizing cobalt include 17 and 36% Co steels, Fe-Ni-Al alloys (Alnico alloys) containing from 5 to 35...
Abstract
Cobalt finds its use in various applications owing to its magnetic properties, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, and its strength at elevated temperatures. This article discusses the mining and processing of cobalt and cobalt alloys. It describes the types of cobalt alloys, including wear-resistant alloys, high-temperature alloys, corrosion-resistant alloys, and special-purpose alloys. The article provides data on the chemical composition, mechanical properties, and physical properties of these alloys. Further, it provides information on the uses of cobalt in superalloys, cemented carbides, magnetic materials, low-expansion alloys, and high-speed tool steels.