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Book Chapter

By Dudley J. Primeaux, II
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... for corrosion and decorative areas, and some plastics. This article discusses the formulation basics of polyurea technology and compares the technology to that of polyurethane and polyurethane/polyurea systems. It addresses performance issues and describes application processing considerations and safety...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0007029
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... are frequently the root cause of tool steel failures ( Ref 1 – 3 ). The heat treatment of these alloys is a critical step in their processing, and if it is performed incorrectly it can have a profound impact on performance. Issues that can arise during heat treatment may include overheating during austenitizing...
Book Chapter

By K. Anand
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006428
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... quest to improve performance and operability of gas and steam turbines. Overview of Wear and Friction Issues in Gas Turbines The salient features of gas turbines along with examples of wear issues are shown in Fig. 1 . The gas turbine consists of an air intake plenum which draws air through...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006821
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... regularly scheduled maintenance and conformance with airworthiness directives, manufacturers’ maintenance documentation, and repairs, as necessary. Numerous issues may arise if maintenance or inspection is not performed at adequate intervals or not performed according to the proper procedure(s). This may...
Book Chapter

By Mark W. Ingle
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001322
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
.... Unfortunately, no universal cadmium replacement has yet been identified. Thus, viable cadmium replacements must be identified on a case-by-case basis in which technical performance requirements, environmental issues, and costs are considered. Identification of effective cadmium replacements can reduce product...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004166
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... of structural components for almost 15 years, has no known record of field failures due to stress-corrosion cracking. Therefore, this issue is not covered any further in this article. Cosmetic Corrosion Cosmetic corrosion generally refers to paint performance of class “A” outer body panels. To fully...
Book Chapter

By F.B. Fletcher
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001013
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... Abstract The production and use of steel plate is aided by a system of standard designations and associated specifications defining composition, property, and performance ranges. This article contains an extensive amount of information on the designations and grades of plate products and how...
Book Chapter

By Alan M. Bayer, Lee R. Walton
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001041
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... discusses surface treatments, fabrication issues, and in-service measures of performance. cold-work tool steels high-speed tool steels hot-work tool steels low-alloy special-purpose tool steels mold steels shock-resisting steels tool steels water-hardening steels wrought tool steels...
Book Chapter

By Cheryl A. Deckert
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001265
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
..., and hybrid and other advanced applications. It describes two commercial processes, pretreatment and post-treatment. The article reviews the solutions used, controls and control equipment, and performance criteria of electroless copper plating. It concludes with information on the environmental and safety...
Book Chapter

By Lyle D. Perrigo, James R. Divine
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004134
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... Abstract This article describes the major issues involved in designing systems with acceptable cold-climate corrosion performance. It discusses the methods used to control corrosion in external and internal environments. The article provides information on the various common causes of corrosion...
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005238
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... Abstract This article summarizes some issues and approaches in performing computational analyses of mechanical behavior, distortion, and hot tearing during solidification. It presents the governing equations and describes the methods used to solve them. The article reviews the finite element...
Book Chapter

By Paul D. Wilcox
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006452
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... Abstract Ultrasound is an ideal modality for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) because it enables the interior of objects to be assessed without the safety and access issues associated with radiography. This article summarizes the history of array usage in NDE and its relationship to medical...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006483
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
..., magnetohydrodynamic forces, and cathode lining. It reviews the electrochemical reactions and thermodynamics for aluminum electrolysis standard Gibbs. The article also describes the cell operations and cell stability, as well as the key indicators of cell performance. It schematically illustrates the typical costs...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006803
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... Abstract This article provides an outline of the issues to consider in performing a probabilistic life assessment. It begins with an historical background and introduces the most common methods. The article then describes those methods covering subjects such as the required random variable...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 12 September 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23A.a0006904
EISBN: 978-1-62708-392-8
... Abstract The field of bioprinting is a subset of additive manufacturing (AM) that is rapidly expanding to meet the needs of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Bioprinting encompasses a broad spectrum of issues, from cell expansion and novel bioink development to cell/stem cell...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002473
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... outlined some of the oxidation issues applying to bare (uncoated) alloys. High-temperature test data have been used for the purpose of discriminating compositional effects. It should be noted that many of the alloys will exhibit acceptable performance for intermediate- to low-temperature applications...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002423
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... step (matching form to function). The actual selection of a material to satisfy a design need is effectively performed every day in literally dozens of different ways by people of many different backgrounds. The selection process can range from simply re-specifying a previously used material...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001427
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... Abstract Improvement in the corrosion performance of a component or structure can be achieved through proper design, surface protection, proper material selection, or combinations of all three parameters. This is an introductory article on the selection of nonferrous corrosion-resistant...
Book Chapter

By John R. Dixon
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002424
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... or secondary functions required or desired. Functional requirements are qualitative or quantitative goals and limits placed on product performance, the environmental and other conditions under which the product is to perform, physical attributes, process technologies, aesthetics, and business issues like...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006413
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... and is necessary to ensure acceptable engine oil performance in regional markets due to service requirements, fuel availability, and environment issues Protection against low-speed engine preignition (LSPI): This refers to LSPI attributed to low-viscosity engine oil in highly downsized turbo DI engines...