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Image
Published: 01 December 1998
Fig. 4 Schematic diagram of the basic oxygen furnace More
Image
Published: 01 December 1998
Fig. 5 Composition of (a) steel bath and (b) slag in a basic oxygen furnace converter as a function of blowing time More
Image
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 3 Principal zones and component parts of a basic oxygen furnace for the production of steel in a melt shop. (a) Typical plant layout. (b) BOF vessel More
Image
Published: 01 January 1997
Fig. 3 Precipitator wires from a basic oxygen furnace. (a) Original AISI 1008 carbon steel wire, wrapped around an insulator spool and fastened with a ferrule made from type 430 ferritic stainless steel. One ferrule has been removed. (b) Close-up view showing the fractured wire face inside More
Image
Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 6 Configuration of a basic oxygen furnace. (a) Top view. (b) Side view More
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Published: 01 August 2013
Fig. 15 Typical oxygen probe installation in a carburizing furnace. Source: Ref 4 More
Image
Published: 01 January 1990
oxygen process; LBE, lance bubbling equilibrium; KMS, Kloeckner Metallurgy Scrap; BOF, basic oxygen furnace. Source: Ref 1 More
Image
Published: 01 December 1998
Fig. 4 Flow diagram for ironmaking and steelmaking through open-hearth and oxygen-steelmaking routes. BOF, basic oxygen furnace More
Book Chapter

By Jim Oakes, John Lutz
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005928
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... decarburization. It demonstrates how the carbon potential control is achieved by controlling water vapor concentration, carbon dioxide concentration, or oxygen partial pressure. The article also describes the various devices and analyzers used to monitor sampled gas from furnace atmospheres, namely...
Book Chapter

By Jason Walls, Frank Pietracupa, Eric Boltz, Janusz Szymborski
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005931
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... Abstract Heat treating furnaces require different control systems and integration for achieving optimum technical results and enabling safe operation. This article focuses on atmosphere furnaces, with some coverage on controls for vacuum furnaces. Heat treating operations require reliable...
Book Chapter

By Jay W. Larson
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003804
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... to give desired properties. Iron is found in nature as iron ore, most of which is iron oxide. Metallic iron is produced by removal of oxygen from iron oxide. The most common process is to first reduce the ore in a blast furnace to an impure iron containing a high percentage of carbon, known as pig iron...
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003091
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... furnace from iron ore, limestone, and coal (coke) (see Fig. 1(a) ). Because it contains excessively high levels of silicon, manganese, carbon, and other elements, this liquid iron, together with scrap and fluxing agents, is then introduced into either a basic oxygen furnace or electric-arc furnace...
Book Chapter

By R.I.L. Guthrie, J.J. Jonas
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001007
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... Hereaus process Ironmaking The first step in processing liquid iron into high-quality steel involves an ironmaking blast furnace, which has evolved over the centuries to become an efficient countercurrent exchanger of heat and of mass, or oxygen ( Fig. 2 ). Iron oxide (in pellet or sinter form...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002458
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... analysis in materials selection and materials development/refinement. chipper knives failure analysis line pipe steels materials selection oxygen furnace precipitator wires MATERIALS SELECTION for parts or components usually occurs under two conditions. The first is when a new part...
Book Chapter

Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005199
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... or secondary steelmaking. The two most important primary steelmaking processes are the electric arc furnace (EAF) process and the basic oxygen furnace (BOF) process or Linz-Donawitz process. The EAF process has been increasingly used, gradually overtaking the BOF as the primary steelmaking furnace...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003841
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
..., are composed of compounds containing metallic and nonmetallic materials used in applications such as whitewares, structural clay products, glass, electronics, and cements. Specific applications of refractories include liners for basic oxygen and electric arc steelmaking furnaces, steel ladles, aluminum...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006069
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... sintering nitrogen sintering overpressure sintering oxygen content partial-pressure sintering pressure-assisted sintering pressureless sintering sintering sintering furnaces vacuum sintering HARDMETALS (cemented carbide and cemented tungsten carbide) are classic two-phase materials consisting...
Book Chapter

By J.L. Jorstad
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005195
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
..., the large surface area of the furnace results in large losses through the refractory walls, hearth, and roof. Nearly all steel foundries blow oxygen into the bath after most of the scrap is melted, which generates chemical energy from exothermic decarburization, assisting in the melting process. Some...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003199
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... point and the virtual absence of carbon dioxide, these atmospheres (in the absence of oxygen-bearing contaminants introduced as a result of furnace operations) are neither oxidizing nor decarburizing. The main disadvantages of these atmospheres lie in the high initial cost of equipment, the large...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006137
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
..., therefore, depletes the body of a large amount of oxygen. To ensure personnel safety, piping between the generator and the furnace must be leaktight, and all gas that enters the furnace must be either burned off or properly vented. The highly toxic nature of carbon monoxide requires use under carefully...