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Published: 01 December 1998
Image
Composition of (a) steel bath and (b) slag in a basic oxygen furnace conver...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1998
Fig. 5 Composition of (a) steel bath and (b) slag in a basic oxygen furnace converter as a function of blowing time
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Image
Principal zones and component parts of a basic oxygen furnace for the produ...
Available to Purchase
in Steel Processing Technology
> Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 3 Principal zones and component parts of a basic oxygen furnace for the production of steel in a melt shop. (a) Typical plant layout. (b) BOF vessel
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Image
Precipitator wires from a basic oxygen furnace. (a) Original AISI 1008 carb...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1997
Fig. 3 Precipitator wires from a basic oxygen furnace. (a) Original AISI 1008 carbon steel wire, wrapped around an insulator spool and fastened with a ferrule made from type 430 ferritic stainless steel. One ferrule has been removed. (b) Close-up view showing the fractured wire face inside
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Published: 01 January 2005
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Published: 01 August 2013
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Equilibrium curve for dissolved carbon and oxygen compared with operational...
Available to Purchase
in Steel Processing Technology
> Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys
Published: 01 January 1990
oxygen process; LBE, lance bubbling equilibrium; KMS, Kloeckner Metallurgy Scrap; BOF, basic oxygen furnace. Source: Ref 1
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Flow diagram for ironmaking and steelmaking through open-hearth and oxygen-...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1998
Fig. 4 Flow diagram for ironmaking and steelmaking through open-hearth and oxygen-steelmaking routes. BOF, basic oxygen furnace
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Book Chapter
Furnace Atmosphere Controls in Heat Treating
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005928
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... decarburization. It demonstrates how the carbon potential control is achieved by controlling water vapor concentration, carbon dioxide concentration, or oxygen partial pressure. The article also describes the various devices and analyzers used to monitor sampled gas from furnace atmospheres, namely...
Abstract
The atmosphere within a furnace chamber is a basic factor in achieving the desired chemical reactions with metals during heat treating. This article presents the fundamentals of heat treating atmospheres, and describes two groups of atmosphere control, namely, furnace atmosphere control and supply atmosphere control. The two basic types of atmospheric supply systems are generated atmospheres and nitrogen-base atmospheres. The article provides a brief overview of the gas reactions associated with oxidation and carbon control to ensure either carburization, or to prevent decarburization. It demonstrates how the carbon potential control is achieved by controlling water vapor concentration, carbon dioxide concentration, or oxygen partial pressure. The article also describes the various devices and analyzers used to monitor sampled gas from furnace atmospheres, namely, chromatographs, oxygen probes, Orsat analyzers, infrared analyzers, dewpoint analyzers, and hot-wire analyzers. Finally, it discusses the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of these analyzers.
Book Chapter
Furnace Controls
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005931
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... Abstract Heat treating furnaces require different control systems and integration for achieving optimum technical results and enabling safe operation. This article focuses on atmosphere furnaces, with some coverage on controls for vacuum furnaces. Heat treating operations require reliable...
Abstract
Heat treating furnaces require different control systems and integration for achieving optimum technical results and enabling safe operation. This article focuses on atmosphere furnaces, with some coverage on controls for vacuum furnaces. Heat treating operations require reliable monitoring and control of motion and position of various mechanical components with the help of mechanical limit switches, proximity sensors, and distance- and position-measuring devices. Using inputs from both flow meters and sensors, such as thermocouples and oxygen sensors, flow measurement control systems must be able to adjust the flow of gases for process optimization. The operator interface of a furnace-control system displays critical information such as the furnace temperature, atmosphere status, alarms, electronic chart recorders, recipe, and maintenance. A supervisory control and data-acquisition (SCADA) system is used to monitor, collect, and store data from multiple pieces of equipment.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003804
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... to give desired properties. Iron is found in nature as iron ore, most of which is iron oxide. Metallic iron is produced by removal of oxygen from iron oxide. The most common process is to first reduce the ore in a blast furnace to an impure iron containing a high percentage of carbon, known as pig iron...
Abstract
Ferrous metals are metals that contain primarily iron and may have small amounts of other elements added to give the desired properties. This article discuses the characteristics of steel products used in most industries, including construction, automotive, energy, shipping, and agriculture. These products include bars, rods, wires, hot and cold rolled sheets, strip plates, tin mill products, steel tubes, castings, and forgings. The article also provides information on the methods used to prevent or control the rusting of ferrous materials, namely, alloying, coating, and covering.
Book Chapter
Steelmaking Practices and Their Influence on Properties
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003091
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... furnace from iron ore, limestone, and coal (coke) (see Fig. 1(a) ). Because it contains excessively high levels of silicon, manganese, carbon, and other elements, this liquid iron, together with scrap and fluxing agents, is then introduced into either a basic oxygen furnace or electric-arc furnace...
Abstract
This article presents a detailed account on the process flow, composition, alternative sources, and the advancement of ironmaking, steelmaking and secondary steelmaking practices. Some steels, such as bearing steels, heat-resistant steels, ultrahigh strength missile and aircraft steels, and rotor steels have higher quality requirements and tighter composition control than plain carbon or ordinary low-alloy steels. The production of special-quality steels requires vacuum-based induction or electric remelting and refining capabilities. The article explores the types and characteristics of various steel manufacturing processes, such as ingot casting, continuous casting, and hot rolling. It provides an outline of specialized processing routes of producing ultralow plain carbon steels, interstitial-free steels, high strength low-alloy steels, ultrahigh strength steels, stainless steels, and cold-rolled products, and briefly explains the analytical techniques for liquid steels.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001007
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... Hereaus process Ironmaking The first step in processing liquid iron into high-quality steel involves an ironmaking blast furnace, which has evolved over the centuries to become an efficient countercurrent exchanger of heat and of mass, or oxygen ( Fig. 2 ). Iron oxide (in pellet or sinter form...
Abstract
This article describes ironmaking and steelmaking practices (melt or liquid processing, including hot metal desulfurization) and discusses the evolution of these processes and their effects on steel properties. The physical chemistry of steelmaking may appear deceptively simple for integrated steel mill operations where ore from the ground is converted into steel. The various refining steps that occur in steelmaking are reviewed. The article also describes solid processing of steel, with emphasis on hot and cold rolling, thermomechanical processing, and annealing of flat steel products.
Book Chapter
Use of Failure Analysis in Materials Selection
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002458
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... analysis in materials selection and materials development/refinement. chipper knives failure analysis line pipe steels materials selection oxygen furnace precipitator wires MATERIALS SELECTION for parts or components usually occurs under two conditions. The first is when a new part...
Abstract
This article describes the relationship between failure analysis and materials selection and a basic procedure for performing a failure analysis. It discusses the methods for analyzing failures to improve materials selection and presents examples that illustrate the use of failure analysis in materials selection and materials development/refinement.
Book Chapter
Steel Melt Processing
Available to PurchaseBook: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005199
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... or secondary steelmaking. The two most important primary steelmaking processes are the electric arc furnace (EAF) process and the basic oxygen furnace (BOF) process or Linz-Donawitz process. The EAF process has been increasingly used, gradually overtaking the BOF as the primary steelmaking furnace...
Abstract
This article discusses the most common methods of melting steels, namely, electric arc and induction melting. It describes the classification of refractories by an index of the “basicity” of the slag formed on the steel surface. The article provides a discussion on the converter metallurgy, which includes melt refinement in argon oxygen decarburization (AOD) vessels and vacuum oxygen decarburization (VODC) in a converter vessel. It also discusses ladle metallurgy, which includes vacuum induction degassing, vacuum oxygen decarburization, and vacuum ladle degassing.
Book Chapter
Performance of Refractories in Severe Environments
Available to PurchaseBook: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003841
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
..., are composed of compounds containing metallic and nonmetallic materials used in applications such as whitewares, structural clay products, glass, electronics, and cements. Specific applications of refractories include liners for basic oxygen and electric arc steelmaking furnaces, steel ladles, aluminum...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the corrosion theory relating to refractories on the basis of acid/base reactions, thermodynamics, and kinetic considerations. The tests to evaluate refractory corrosive wear are reviewed. The article describes the specific refractories used in steel, glass, aluminum, and chemical-resistant applications. Specific material issues that should be considered or evaluated when choosing or using refractory materials are discussed.
Book Chapter
Sintering of Hardmetals
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006069
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... sintering nitrogen sintering overpressure sintering oxygen content partial-pressure sintering pressure-assisted sintering pressureless sintering sintering sintering furnaces vacuum sintering HARDMETALS (cemented carbide and cemented tungsten carbide) are classic two-phase materials consisting...
Abstract
This article discusses two major sintering methods: pressureless and pressure-assisted sintering. Pressureless sintering techniques include vacuum and partial-pressure, hydrogen, and microwave sintering. Pressure-assisted consolidation techniques include overpressure sintering, sintering followed by postsinter hot isostatic pressing, hot pressing, and several rapid hot consolidation techniques. The article describes nitrogen sintering and the sintering of cermets. It reviews the furnaces used for sintering and presents the lubrication removal techniques. The article also outlines the need to control carbon and oxygen to obtain optimal properties and explains microstructure development and grain size control.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005195
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
..., the large surface area of the furnace results in large losses through the refractory walls, hearth, and roof. Nearly all steel foundries blow oxygen into the bath after most of the scrap is melted, which generates chemical energy from exothermic decarburization, assisting in the melting process. Some...
Abstract
This article focuses on the construction, operation of electric arc furnaces (EAF), and their auxiliary equipment in the steel foundry industry. It provides information on the power supply of EAF and discusses the components of the EAF, including the roof, furnace shell, spout and tap hole, water-cooling system, preheat and furnace scrap burners, and ladles. The article describes the acid and basic steelmaking practices. It discusses the raw materials used, oxidation process, methods of heat reduction, and deoxidation process in the practices. The article provides a discussion on the arc melting of iron and EAF steelmaking.
Book Chapter
Process Control Considerations in Heat Treating
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003199
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... point and the virtual absence of carbon dioxide, these atmospheres (in the absence of oxygen-bearing contaminants introduced as a result of furnace operations) are neither oxidizing nor decarburizing. The main disadvantages of these atmospheres lie in the high initial cost of equipment, the large...
Abstract
Control of temperature and furnace atmospheres has become increasingly critical to successful heat treating. Temperature instrumentation and control systems used in heat treating include temperature sensors, controllers, final control elements, measurement instruments, and set-point programmers. This article describes these items and discusses the classifications and control of furnace atmospheres. The article also describes the surface carbon control devices available for the wide variety of furnace atmospheres and evaluation of carbon control. Finally, the article provides a set of guidelines for safety procedures that are common to all industrial heat treating furnace installations.
Book Chapter
Safety and Environmental Concerns in Using Sintering Atmospheres
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006137
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
..., therefore, depletes the body of a large amount of oxygen. To ensure personnel safety, piping between the generator and the furnace must be leaktight, and all gas that enters the furnace must be either burned off or properly vented. The highly toxic nature of carbon monoxide requires use under carefully...
Abstract
This article discusses the requirements for safe design, installation, operation, inspection, testing, and maintenance of sintering atmosphere generators and atmosphere supply systems for both personal and environment safety. The four intrinsic dangers associated with producing and using common sintering atmosphere gases are explosion, fire, toxicity, and asphyxiation.
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