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Corrosion characteristics of an active-passive metal as a function of solut...
Available to Purchase
in Analysis and Prevention of Environmental- and Corrosion-Related Failures
> Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 1 Corrosion characteristics of an active-passive metal as a function of solution oxidizing power (electrode potential)
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Corrosion characteristics of an active-passive metal as a function of solut...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 1 Corrosion characteristics of an active-passive metal as a function of solution oxidizing power (electrode potential)
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Book Chapter
Analysis and Prevention of Corrosion-Related Failures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003549
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
.... First, consider the behavior of what can be called an active metal, that is, a metal that does not show passivity effects. The lower part of the curve in Fig. 1 illustrates the behavior of such a metal. Assume that a metal is immersed in an air-free acid solution with an oxidizing power...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the electrochemical nature of corrosion and analyzes corrosion-related failures. It describes corrosion failure analysis and discusses corrective and preventive approaches to mitigate corrosion-related failures of metals. These include: change in the environment; change in the alloy or heat treatment; change in design; use of galvanic protection; use of inhibitors; use of nonmetallic coatings and liners; application of metallic coatings; use of surface treatments, thermal spray, or other surface modifications; corrosion monitoring; and preventive maintenance.
Book Chapter
Analysis and Prevention of Environmental- and Corrosion-Related Failures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006782
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... solution with an oxidizing power corresponding to point A and a corrosion rate corresponding to this point. If the oxidizing power of this solution is increased, say, by adding oxygen or ferric ions, the corrosion rate of the metal will increase rapidly. Note that for such a metal, the corrosion rate...
Abstract
Corrosion is the deterioration of a material by a reaction of that material with its environment. The realization that corrosion control can be profitable has been acknowledged repeatedly by industry, typically following costly business interruptions. This article describes the electrochemical nature of corrosion and provides the typical analysis of environmental- and corrosion-related failures. It presents common methods of testing of laboratory corrosion and discusses the processes involved in the prevention of environmental- and corrosion-related failures of metals and nonmetals.
Book Chapter
Fundamentals and General Aspects of Power Supply Design for Induction Heating, Heat Treating, Welding, and Melting
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005836
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... Abstract This article reviews the performance of power electronics components, namely, power rectifiers, insulated-gate bipolar transistors, metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors, diodes, and silicon-controlled rectifiers. It provides information on induction heating power supplies...
Abstract
This article reviews the performance of power electronics components, namely, power rectifiers, insulated-gate bipolar transistors, metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors, diodes, and silicon-controlled rectifiers. It provides information on induction heating power supplies with multiple heat stations, such as switching units and multiple (zone) outputs. The article describes power supply operational control and power supply protection circuits. It details duty cycle, power factor, and harmonics of power supplies. The article also describes system parameters, software analysis-calculations, human analysis-decisions, multiple system arrangements, and zone control systems for power supply selection. It provides information on the maintenance of induction power supplies, detailing the safety precautions to be taken and the need for routine inspection and servicing.
Book Chapter
Power Supplies for Induction Heat Treating, Brazing, and Soldering
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005838
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... switching devices, namely, silicon-controlled rectifiers, insulated-gate bipolar transistors, and metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors. The article also provides information on frequency-multiplication harmonic-induction power supplies, namely, push-pull and half-bridge inverters and full...
Abstract
This article provides a brief description of load conditions for single-shot heat treating, vertical scanning, and brazing and soldering. It discusses the various power components used in power supplies. These include capacitors, integrated power module, transformers, and various switching devices, namely, silicon-controlled rectifiers, insulated-gate bipolar transistors, and metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors. The article also provides information on frequency-multiplication harmonic-induction power supplies, namely, push-pull and half-bridge inverters and full-bridge inverters. Series resonant and parallel resonant circuits and their tuning calculations associated with output networks are also discussed. The article describes the frequency range of simultaneous dual-frequency induction heating power supply, and discusses the advantages, applications, and technical background of independently controlled frequency and power (IFP) induction heating power supply. It concludes with a description of the developments in control systems for modern induction power supplies.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003605
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... or alloy and the environment. In this brief overview focusing on degradation of metals and alloys in aqueous systems, the environment variables shown as follows are addressed: pH (acidity) Oxidizing power (electrochemical potential) Temperature and heat transfer Velocity (fluid movement...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the degradation of metals and alloys in aqueous systems. The importance of the hydrogen ion lies in its ability to interact with an alloy surface. The article describes the effects of various conditions of pH on corrosion including strongly acid conditions, near-neutral conditions, and strongly basic conditions as well as the effects of temperature on corrosion. The influence of the fluid flow rate on corrosion depends on the alloy, fluid components, fluid physical properties, geometry in which the fluid is contained, and corrosion mechanism. The article discusses the influence of fluid flow rate through specific examples. It concludes with information on how the concentration of dissolved species works with other variables to influence corrosion behavior.
Book Chapter
Corrosion Testing of Implantable Medical Devices
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005683
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
...: temperature, identity, and concentration of aggressive and protective species; concentration of hydrogen ions (the pH value); and oxidation power. The rates of all electrochemical reactions are temperature-dependent. The internal temperature of the human body, however, is well controlled in a rather...
Abstract
The interaction of an implant with the human body environment may result in degradation of the implant, called corrosion. This article discusses the corrosion testing of metallic implants and implant materials. The corrosion environments for medical implants are the extracellular human body fluids, very complex solutions containing electrolytes and nonelectrolytes, inorganic and organic constituents, and gases. The article describes the fundamentals of electrochemical corrosion testing and provides a brief discussion on various types of corrosion tests. It illustrates corrosion current density determination by Tafel extrapolation, potentiodynamic measurement of the polarization resistance, electrochemical impedance measurement, and potentiostatic deaeration. Tests combining corrosion and mechanical forces, such as fretting corrosion tests, environment-assisted cracking tests, and ion-leaching tests are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004136
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... electrolyte allows for the transport of ions, electrons flow in the external circuit (load), producing electrical power. The fuel cell produces direct current electricity as long as fuel and oxidants are supplied. To build up a useful voltage, a series of cells are electrically connected and integrated...
Abstract
This article describes the classification of fuel cells depending on the operating temperature and type of electrolytes used. This classification includes alkaline fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs), and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The article explains the corrosion processes in fuel cells due to solid-gas interactions, solid-liquid interactions, and solid-solid interactions. It discusses the long-term performance stability and long-term degradation processes of PEMFCs, MCFCs, and SOFCs. The article reviews the development of chemically and structurally compatible component materials in PEMFCs, MCFCs, and SOFCs.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003601
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... of Power Generation Batteries that use metals as anodes that oxidize or corrode during discharge according to the reactions in Eq 1 or 2 are plentiful. The reason for this is that metals are easily fabricated, often inexpensive, and usually, as pure elements, chemically very simple materials. Most...
Abstract
This article examines constructive corrosion that occurs in power-generating devices, specifically batteries. It discusses the kinetic aspects of constructive corrosion in batteries and provides examples to illustrate how the kinetics of a corrosion process varies among different battery systems. The article illustrates the constructive roles played by corrosion at anodes in batteries through the use of a zinc anode in a mercury battery and a lithium metal anode in a rechargeable lithium battery. It also outlines the destructive role played by corrosion by illustrating shelf reactions in zinc-carbon batteries and lead grid corrosion in lead-acid batteries.
Book Chapter
High-Temperature Superconductors for Wires and Tapes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001114
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... of the high-critical-temperature oxides in magnets or power applications in high-current-carrying wire or tape with acceptable mechanical capability. This article discusses the powder techniques mainly based on the production of an oxide powder precursor, which is then subjected to various processing...
Abstract
The discovery of the high-critical-temperature oxide superconductors has accelerated the interest for superconducting applications due to its higher-temperature operation at liquid nitrogen or above and thus reduces the refrigeration and liquid helium requirement. It also permits usage of the high-critical-temperature oxides in magnets or power applications in high-current-carrying wire or tape with acceptable mechanical capability. This article discusses the powder techniques mainly based on the production of an oxide powder precursor, which is then subjected to various processing, including powder-in-tube processing, vapor deposition processing, and melt processing. It further discusses the microstructural, anisotropy and weak link influences on these processes.
Book: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005708
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... wind power, hydro power, biomass and biofuels, solar energy, and fuel cells. biomass fuels corrosion protection hydro power renewable energy solar energy solid oxide fuel cells thermal spray applications wind power IN RECENT YEARS, renewable energy has continued to grow strongly...
Abstract
The use of renewable energy has grown strongly in all end-use sectors such as power, heat, and transport. This article describes thermal spray applications that improve efficiency, lower maintenance costs, and prolong operational life in the renewable energy technologies, including wind power, hydro power, biomass and biofuels, solar energy, and fuel cells.
Book Chapter
Corrosion in Supercritical Water—Ultrasupercritical Environments for Power Production
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004133
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
.../105994901770345394 8. Sarver J. , Viswanathan R. , and Mohamed S. , “Boiler Materials for Ultrasupercritical Coal Power Plants—Task 3, Steamside Oxidation of Materials—A Review of Literature,” topical report, U.S. Department of Energy Grant DE-FG26-01NT41174 and Ohio Coal Development Office...
Abstract
This article describes the control of water chemistry in the steam cycle of a power plant for achieving corrosion control, deposition prevention, and higher cycle efficiency. It discusses the materials requirements of the components exposed to supercritical water in supercritical (SC) and ultrasupercritical (USC) power plants. These components include high-pressure steam piping and headers, superheater and reheater tubing, water wall tubing in the boiler, high-and intermediate-pressure rotors, rotating blades, and bolts in the turbine section. The article reviews the boiler alloys, used in SC and USC boilers, such as ferritic steels, austenitic steels, and nickel-base alloys. It provides information on the materials used in turbine applications such as ferritic rotor steels, turbine blade alloys, and bolting materials. The article explains various factors influencing steamside corrosion in SC power plants. It also deals with the role of overall efficiency in the USC power generation.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004135
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... and an oxidant directly generates a flow of electric current when power is demanded of the cell by an external load. There is no intermediary stage where energy must be expended to produce heat before producing power, and there are no moving parts. Fuel cells are highly efficient, noiseless, and generate...
Abstract
Batteries and fuel cells are popular forms of portable electrical energy sources. This article discusses the operation and corrosion problems inherent in batteries and fuel cells. Batteries are classified into two groups: primary or nonrechargeable batteries and secondary or rechargeable batteries. Fuel cells are classified into five types: phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC), solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell, alkaline electrolyte fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), and solid oxide fuel cell. The article presents reactions that occur during charging and discharging of lead-acid batteries, PAFCs, and MCFCs.
Image
Fuel cell system including auxiliary equipment. (a) Fuel cell power generat...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2006
Fig. 4 Fuel cell system including auxiliary equipment. (a) Fuel cell power generation system incorporating fuel processor, fuel cell stack, and power conditioner. ATR, autothermal reforming; SMR, steam methane reforming; POX, partial oxidation; PEM, polymer electrolyte membrane; DFC, direct
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Book Chapter
Corrosion of Zirconium and Zirconium Alloys
Available to PurchaseBook: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003823
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
.... Additional layers will form at much reduced and decreasing rates, resulting from the protective power of the first and additional layers. This also implies that zirconium can conveniently heal any damage done at the metal/oxide interface, provided that the damage is done in an oxygen-containing environment...
Abstract
This article provides a description of the classification, industrial applications, microstructures, physical, chemical, corrosion, and mechanical properties of zirconium and its alloys. It discusses the formation of oxide films and the effects of water, temperature, and pH on zirconium. The delayed hydride cracking of zirconium is also described. The article provides information on the resistance of zirconium to various types of corrosion, including pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion, intergranular corrosion, galvanic corrosion, microbiologically induced corrosion, erosion-corrosion, and fretting corrosion. The article explains the effects of tin content in zirconium and effects of fabrication on corrosion. Corrosion control measures for all types of corrosion are also highlighted. The article concludes with information on the safety precautions associated with handling of zirconium.
Image
Common power semiconductor types, with power ranges and switching frequenci...
Available to Purchase
in Fundamentals and General Aspects of Power Supply Design for Induction Heating, Heat Treating, Welding, and Melting
> Induction Heating and Heat Treatment
Published: 09 June 2014
Fig. 5 Common power semiconductor types, with power ranges and switching frequencies. IGBT, insulated-gate bipolar transistor; MOSFET, metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor
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Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005195
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... of acid melting practices using partial oxidation are: Rapid steel production Good refractory life due to lower iron oxide content in the slag Lower power input Lower electrode consumption No recarburization required The disadvantages include: Insufficient removal of gases...
Abstract
This article focuses on the construction, operation of electric arc furnaces (EAF), and their auxiliary equipment in the steel foundry industry. It provides information on the power supply of EAF and discusses the components of the EAF, including the roof, furnace shell, spout and tap hole, water-cooling system, preheat and furnace scrap burners, and ladles. The article describes the acid and basic steelmaking practices. It discusses the raw materials used, oxidation process, methods of heat reduction, and deoxidation process in the practices. The article provides a discussion on the arc melting of iron and EAF steelmaking.
Book: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005718
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... of the practitioner will determine what can be accomplished with this versatile and powerful technology. Thermal Spray versus Other Coating Processes Thermal spray processes differ from other coating processes in that they do not deposit material onto surfaces as individual ions, atoms, or molecules. Instead...
Abstract
This article presents the major thermal spray processes and their subsets, presenting each of the commercially significant processes together with some of their important variations. Each process is presented along with the attributes that influence coating structure and performance. The article summarizes the essential equipment components and necessary controls. The various thermal spray processes are conventional flame spray, detonation gun, high-velocity oxyfuel spray, electric arc spray, and plasma arc spray. Other processes, such as cold spray, underwater plasma arc spray, and extended-arc and other high-energy plasma arc spray, are also considered.
Image
Typical rates of oxidation at 1175 °C (2150 °F) for two common heating allo...
Available to Purchase
in Electrical Resistance Alloys
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 11 Typical rates of oxidation at 1175 °C (2150 °F) for two common heating alloys. In both continuous tests (a) and intermittent tests (b), cylindrically coiled strips 0.13 by 9.5 by 250 mm (0.005 by 3 8 by 10 in.) were heated in air. In the intermittent oxidizing tests, power
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