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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005907
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... formation of low-conductivity materials such as glasses and oxides. The article presents the governing equations and boundary conditions for ICF and IFCC modeling. It includes a discussion on three electromagnetic field models in IFCC, namely, two-dimensional (2-D), quasi-three-dimensional, and three...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the models of two induction heating devices, namely, induction crucible furnace (ICF) and induction furnace with slits, or segmented and water-cooled induction furnace with cold crucible (IFCC). These devices are used for melting with skull formation of low-conductivity materials such as glasses and oxides. The article presents the governing equations and boundary conditions for ICF and IFCC modeling. It includes a discussion on three electromagnetic field models in IFCC, namely, two-dimensional (2-D), quasi-three-dimensional, and three-dimensional (3-D) models. The article provides information on the simulation of skull formation in IFCC, and elucidates the transient axisymmetrical 2-D model and the transient 3-D model, including the primary results achieved for both glasses and skull formation.
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Published: 01 August 2013
Fig. 14 Typical coating microstructure, containing unmelted particles, oxides, porosity, and debris. (a) Unmelted particles. (b) Oxides. (c) Debris. (d) Fine particles. (e) Porosity
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Published: 01 August 2013
Fig. 33 Intergranular oxides in SAE 4122 after various carburizing and direct-hardening cycles to produce 2 mm (0.08 in.) hardened case depth. (a) Carburizing at 980 °C (1800 °F), boost carbon potential = 1.3 wt% C, 6.25 h; diffuse carbon potential = 0.9 wt% C, 45 min; equalize at 850 °C (1560
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in Gas Nitriding and Gas Nitrocarburizing of Steels
> Steel Heat Treating Fundamentals and Processes
Published: 01 August 2013
Fig. 18 Nitrided and postoxidized C15. Oxidation just began; iron oxides partially cover the porous compound layer below. Courtesy of IWT Bremen, Germany
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Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 2 Addition of supplementary volumes of contained surface oxides that are on the metal stocks entering the furnace molten metal. The presence of organic compounds will similarly react with the molten bath to add carbides and nitrides to the inclusion level. These suspended inclusions
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Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 1 Standard free energy of formation of metal oxides. To convert kcal to kJ, multiply kcal by 4.184. Source: Ref 1
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Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 1 The corrosion cycle illustrating the need for energy to convert oxides/ores to metallic form. If not protected in-service, the metal reverts back to oxides due to corrosion.
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Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 29 Surface finger oxides (arrows at upper right) and interparticle oxide networks (arrow near lower left) in a powder-forged material
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Published: 01 January 1996
Fig. 15 Oxides (dark features) at surface of a gas-carburized 20 MnCr 5 steel containing 1.29% Mn, 0.44% Si, 1.25% Cr, 0.25% Ni, and 0.0015% B. SEM micrograph,
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Published: 01 January 1996
Fig. 16 Surface oxides on a fracture surface from a specimen of the steel identified in Fig. 15 . Source: Ref 51
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 1 Corroded Pb-3Sb battery grid. To preserve oxides and sulfate layers, the grid was embedded in resin prior to polishing. Classical etching would reveal the metal structure but destroy corrosion. A very long final mechanical polish, with 0.05 μm alumina and chemical etching for just 1 s
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in Ferrous Powder Metallurgy Materials
> Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 19 Surface finger oxides (arrows at upper right) and interparticle oxide networks (arrow near lower left) in a powder forged material
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Published: 01 October 2014
Fig. 26 Lamellar internal grain-boundary oxides on fracture surface of carburized 20MnCr5 steel containing boron. SEM micrograph. Source: Ref 61
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Published: 01 October 2014
Fig. 19 Comparison of microstructure. (a) Traditional process. (b) Oxides metallurgy: high-toughness and strength microalloyed steel developed by oxide metallurgy concept. Source: Ref 29 with permission of The Japan Institute for Metals and Materials
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in Metallurgy of Induction Melting Processes for Iron and Non-Iron Materials
> Induction Heating and Heat Treatment
Published: 09 June 2014
Fig. 7 Free reaction enthalpy of a number of oxides dependent on temperature for the reference basis “pure substances” as per Ref 9
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Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 30 Surface finger oxides (arrows at upper right) and interparticle oxide networks (arrow near lower left) in a powder forged material
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Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 5 Equilibrium oxygen partial pressure, p O2 , for reduction of oxides. Hydrogen gas with a –35 °C dewpoint of −35 °C (−31 °F) is reducing with respect to cobalt and tungsten oxides but is oxidizing with respect to TiC.
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Published: 01 January 2003
Fig. 5 Simultaneous growth of competing oxides. BO is more stable, but AO grows faster. (a) Early stage with nucleation of both oxides. (b) Later stage if diffusion in alloy is rapid. (c) Final stage if diffusion in alloy is slow
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Published: 01 January 2003
Fig. 5 Compilation of measured solubilities for several oxides in fused pure Na 2 SO 4 at 1200 K (1700 °F). Source: Ref 5 , 6
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Published: 01 January 1986
Fig. 11 The vanadium K-edge XANES spectra of a series of vanadium oxides. The zero of energy is taken at the K-edge of vanadium metal at 5465 eV in all cases.
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