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Image
Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 7 (a) Hydrogen ions take electrons from the oxidation reaction, leading to continuous metal dissolution in an acidic solution. (b) Wear of 1030 carbon steel tested (pin-on-disc) in different solutions: oil + H 2 O (10 mL oil + 2 mL H 2 O), oil + NaCl (10 mL oil + 2 mL saturated NaCl
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in Bioprinting/Biofabrication with Alginate/Gelatin-Based Bioinks
> Additive Manufacturing in Biomedical Applications
Published: 12 September 2022
Fig. 2 Oxidation reaction of alginate by (a) sodium periodate, (b) formation of alginate dialdehyde, and (c) hemiacetal formation. Source: Drawn according to Ref 5
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in Metallurgy of Induction Melting Processes for Iron and Non-Iron Materials
> Induction Heating and Heat Treatment
Published: 09 June 2014
Fig. 8 Free reaction enthalpy for carbon and silicon oxidation dependent on temperature for various carbon and silicon activities in iron melts. Source: Ref 10
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Published: 31 August 2017
Fig. 7 Free reaction enthalpy for carbon and silicon oxidation dependent on temperature for various carbon and silicon activities in iron melts. Source: Ref 5
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003589
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... of amorphous and epitaxy oxide layers and presents equations for various oxidation reaction rates. The article reviews different theories to describe the oxidation mechanism. These include the Cabrera-Mott, Hauffe-IIschner, Grimley-Trapnell, Uhlig, and Wagner theories. Schottky defect Frenkel defect...
Abstract
This article describes the Schottky defect and the Frenkel defect in oxides. It provides information on the p-type metal-deficit oxides and n-type semiconductor oxides. The article discusses diffusion mechanisms and laws of diffusion proposed by Fick. It explains the oxide texture of amorphous and epitaxy oxide layers and presents equations for various oxidation reaction rates. The article reviews different theories to describe the oxidation mechanism. These include the Cabrera-Mott, Hauffe-IIschner, Grimley-Trapnell, Uhlig, and Wagner theories.
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003818
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... Abstract This article describes the allotropic modification and atmospheric corrosion of pure tin. Corrosion of pure tin due to oxidation reaction, and reaction with the other gases, water, acids, bases, and other liquid media, is discussed. The article provides information on corrosion...
Abstract
This article describes the allotropic modification and atmospheric corrosion of pure tin. Corrosion of pure tin due to oxidation reaction, and reaction with the other gases, water, acids, bases, and other liquid media, is discussed. The article provides information on corrosion behavior on soft solders, pewter, bearing alloys, tin-copper alloys, and tin-silver alloys. It reviews the influence of corrosion on immersion tin coating, tin-cadmium alloy coatings, tin-cobalt coatings, tin-copper coatings, tin-lead coatings, tin-nickel coatings, and tin-zinc coatings. The general properties and corrosion resistance of tinplate are summarized. The article also describes the methods of corrosion testing of coatings; these include an analysis of coating thickness measurements, porosity and rust resistance testing, solderability test, and specific special tests.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004101
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... Abstract This article focuses on the internal corrosion of iron and copper in potable water. It tabulates the corrosion and water-quality problems caused by materials in contact with drinking water. The article provides a theoretical description of the reduction-oxidation reactions in water...
Abstract
This article focuses on the internal corrosion of iron and copper in potable water. It tabulates the corrosion and water-quality problems caused by materials in contact with drinking water. The article provides a theoretical description of the reduction-oxidation reactions in water to analyze the causes of corrosion of metals in contact with water. It discusses the Langelier saturation index and the Larson index for determining corrosion in potable water systems. The article describes the two major ways of mitigation against corrosion in potable water systems. The first is to line the pipe surface physically such that water and dissolved oxygen cannot reach the metal surface and the second is to add chemical inhibitors to alter water chemistry.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003697
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... Abstract Cathodic protection is an electrochemical means of corrosion control in which the oxidation reaction in a galvanic cell is concentrated at the anode, which suppresses corrosion of the cathode in the same cell. This article provides a detailed discussion on the fundamentals and types...
Abstract
Cathodic protection is an electrochemical means of corrosion control in which the oxidation reaction in a galvanic cell is concentrated at the anode, which suppresses corrosion of the cathode in the same cell. This article provides a detailed discussion on the fundamentals and types of cathodic protection as well as their power sources and design considerations. The criteria for the cathodic protection and types of materials used in sacrificial anodes and impressed-current anodes are also discussed. The article provides examples selected for familiarizing the design engineer with the steps for selecting a specific corrosion control method.
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Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 9 Auto-oxidative drying reactions. The drying process is a complex one of polymerization, probably catalyzed by peroxides as described by Farmer in 1912. The theory is that drying progresses as shown above. Source: Ref 8
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Published: 30 September 2014
Fig. 1 Ellingham diagram of reactions in oxidation of ferrous materials. Approximate values adapted from Ref 1 and 2
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in Metallurgy of Induction Melting Processes for Iron and Non-Iron Materials
> Induction Heating and Heat Treatment
Published: 09 June 2014
Fig. 7 Free reaction enthalpy of a number of oxides dependent on temperature for the reference basis “pure substances” as per Ref 9
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Published: 31 August 2017
Fig. 6 Free reaction enthalpy of a number of oxides dependent on temperature for the reference basis pure substances in accordance with Ref 4
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Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 19 The initial reaction rate of uranium bearing an air-formed oxide with hydrogen gas at 25 °C (77 °F) exhibits a cubic dependence on time. The inset micrographs show that, as time progresses, hydride sites grow and new sites are initiated. Crown copyright—used by permission. Source: Ref
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Published: 01 January 1997
Fig. 1 Schematic representation of oxidation and reduction reactions occurring on a corroding metal surface. Source: Ref 5
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Published: 01 January 1997
Fig. 4 Schematic Evans diagram showing oxidation and reduction reactions associated with, for instance, M → M + and H + → H 2 reactions, illustrating the fact that when the relevant oxidation and reduction reaction rates are in dynamic equilibrium, the metal/solution interface will attain
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006522
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... connected to the surface microstructure and thus to the reactions that occur during surface finishing. Because the oxide growth interface advances into the bulk during anodizing, the expanse of the reactive surface between the aluminum and the environment continuously changes. Therefore, both the surface...
Abstract
This article discusses the properties of aluminum surface and the applications of aluminum alloys. It explains the effects of trace elements on aluminum alloys. The article considers microstructural development of aluminum in terms of the surface and explains how it will impact corrosion resistance and surface treatment. It describes the thermodynamics of equilibrium oxidation processes and non-equilibrium corrosion processes. The article provides a discussion on aluminum oxidation under atmospheric and dynamic conditions. It presents the potential/pH (Pourbaix) diagram for aluminum under atmospheric and dynamic conditions. The article also explains the polarization effects during the formation of stable aluminum oxide under dynamic conditions. It concludes with information on the designation system for aluminum finishes.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003578
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... Abstract Electrochemical, or electrode, reactions occur with charge transfer between neutral or ionic reactants and a conducting material called the electrode. This article discusses cathodic reactions that result in reduction and anodic reactions that result in oxidation. It reviews...
Abstract
Electrochemical, or electrode, reactions occur with charge transfer between neutral or ionic reactants and a conducting material called the electrode. This article discusses cathodic reactions that result in reduction and anodic reactions that result in oxidation. It reviews the effects of an electric field near an electrode and illustrates the solvation of ions in metal-aqueous solution.
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Published: 30 November 2018
Fig. 3 Individual oxide particles or nodes, represented by the hemisphere originating at point c at the center of the schematic, initially form by way of diffusion and reaction of atmospheric oxygen with the base metal. The nodes grow laterally (x direction), outward from the substrate (y, z
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006523
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... the chemical reaction that produces the conversion layer. In fact, equilibrium reactions stop when each free aluminum ion at the surface has been oxidized. Strictly considered, anodizing can be viewed as a corrosion process that yields a self-assembled, highly ordered, nanoscale network of oxide cells that has...
Abstract
Anodizing produces a uniform, continuous, highly ordered network of individual cells comprising a layer whose thickness and cell dimensions, and ultimately engineering properties, depend on the electrochemical parameters of the anodizing process. This article discusses the nucleation and growth of anodic aluminum oxide and the important characteristics of the finished porous anodic aluminum oxide. In industry, anodic oxides and the anodizing processes have been categorized into types that exhibit specific properties to suit specific applications. The article reviews the two most basic types of oxides, namely, barrier-layer anodic oxides and porous anodic oxides. It concludes with a description of postanodizing processes, such as dyeing and sealing.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003588
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... presents crystal structures and thermal properties of pure metals and oxides in a tabular form. The free energy of reaction, which describes the oxidation process of a pure divalent metal, is presented. The article illustrates the Richardson-Jeffes diagram, which is used in the determination...
Abstract
Metals can react chemically with oxygen when exposed to air. Essential to an understanding of the gaseous corrosion of a metal are the crystal structure and the molar volume of the metal on which the oxide builds, both of which may affect growth stresses in the oxide. This article presents crystal structures and thermal properties of pure metals and oxides in a tabular form. The free energy of reaction, which describes the oxidation process of a pure divalent metal, is presented. The article illustrates the Richardson-Jeffes diagram, which is used in the determination of the standard Gibbs energy change of formation of oxides and the corresponding dissociation pressures of the oxides as a function of temperature. It demonstrates the Kellogg diagram which shows stability range in more complicated multioxidant systems. The article explains the determination of partial pressures of gas mixtures and partial pressures of volatile oxidation products.
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