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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 7 (a) Hydrogen ions take electrons from the oxidation reaction, leading to continuous metal dissolution in an acidic solution. (b) Wear of 1030 carbon steel tested (pin-on-disc) in different solutions: oil + H 2 O (10 mL oil + 2 mL H 2 O), oil + NaCl (10 mL oil + 2 mL saturated NaCl More
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Published: 12 September 2022
Fig. 2 Oxidation reaction of alginate by (a) sodium periodate, (b) formation of alginate dialdehyde, and (c) hemiacetal formation. Source: Drawn according to Ref 5 More
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Published: 09 June 2014
Fig. 8 Free reaction enthalpy for carbon and silicon oxidation dependent on temperature for various carbon and silicon activities in iron melts. Source: Ref 10 More
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Published: 31 August 2017
Fig. 7 Free reaction enthalpy for carbon and silicon oxidation dependent on temperature for various carbon and silicon activities in iron melts. Source: Ref 5 More
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003589
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... of amorphous and epitaxy oxide layers and presents equations for various oxidation reaction rates. The article reviews different theories to describe the oxidation mechanism. These include the Cabrera-Mott, Hauffe-IIschner, Grimley-Trapnell, Uhlig, and Wagner theories. Schottky defect Frenkel defect...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003818
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... Abstract This article describes the allotropic modification and atmospheric corrosion of pure tin. Corrosion of pure tin due to oxidation reaction, and reaction with the other gases, water, acids, bases, and other liquid media, is discussed. The article provides information on corrosion...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004101
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... Abstract This article focuses on the internal corrosion of iron and copper in potable water. It tabulates the corrosion and water-quality problems caused by materials in contact with drinking water. The article provides a theoretical description of the reduction-oxidation reactions in water...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003697
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... Abstract Cathodic protection is an electrochemical means of corrosion control in which the oxidation reaction in a galvanic cell is concentrated at the anode, which suppresses corrosion of the cathode in the same cell. This article provides a detailed discussion on the fundamentals and types...
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Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 9 Auto-oxidative drying reactions. The drying process is a complex one of polymerization, probably catalyzed by peroxides as described by Farmer in 1912. The theory is that drying progresses as shown above. Source: Ref 8 More
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Published: 30 September 2014
Fig. 1 Ellingham diagram of reactions in oxidation of ferrous materials. Approximate values adapted from Ref 1 and 2 More
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Published: 09 June 2014
Fig. 7 Free reaction enthalpy of a number of oxides dependent on temperature for the reference basis “pure substances” as per Ref 9 More
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Published: 31 August 2017
Fig. 6 Free reaction enthalpy of a number of oxides dependent on temperature for the reference basis pure substances in accordance with Ref 4 More
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Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 19 The initial reaction rate of uranium bearing an air-formed oxide with hydrogen gas at 25 °C (77 °F) exhibits a cubic dependence on time. The inset micrographs show that, as time progresses, hydride sites grow and new sites are initiated. Crown copyright—used by permission. Source: Ref More
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Published: 01 January 1997
Fig. 1 Schematic representation of oxidation and reduction reactions occurring on a corroding metal surface. Source: Ref 5 More
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Published: 01 January 1997
Fig. 4 Schematic Evans diagram showing oxidation and reduction reactions associated with, for instance, M → M + and H + → H 2 reactions, illustrating the fact that when the relevant oxidation and reduction reaction rates are in dynamic equilibrium, the metal/solution interface will attain More
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006522
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... connected to the surface microstructure and thus to the reactions that occur during surface finishing. Because the oxide growth interface advances into the bulk during anodizing, the expanse of the reactive surface between the aluminum and the environment continuously changes. Therefore, both the surface...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003578
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... Abstract Electrochemical, or electrode, reactions occur with charge transfer between neutral or ionic reactants and a conducting material called the electrode. This article discusses cathodic reactions that result in reduction and anodic reactions that result in oxidation. It reviews...
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Published: 30 November 2018
Fig. 3 Individual oxide particles or nodes, represented by the hemisphere originating at point c at the center of the schematic, initially form by way of diffusion and reaction of atmospheric oxygen with the base metal. The nodes grow laterally (x direction), outward from the substrate (y, z More
Book Chapter

By Jude Mary Runge
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006523
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... the chemical reaction that produces the conversion layer. In fact, equilibrium reactions stop when each free aluminum ion at the surface has been oxidized. Strictly considered, anodizing can be viewed as a corrosion process that yields a self-assembled, highly ordered, nanoscale network of oxide cells that has...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003588
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... presents crystal structures and thermal properties of pure metals and oxides in a tabular form. The free energy of reaction, which describes the oxidation process of a pure divalent metal, is presented. The article illustrates the Richardson-Jeffes diagram, which is used in the determination...