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Book Chapter
Introduction to Characterization of Organic Solids and Organic Liquids
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006652
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... Abstract This article introduces various analytical techniques commonly used in the characterization of organic solids and liquids and discusses the challenges in performing the analysis, with examples. Some general advice in approaching a material analysis is also provided. organic...
Abstract
This article introduces various analytical techniques commonly used in the characterization of organic solids and liquids and discusses the challenges in performing the analysis, with examples. Some general advice in approaching a material analysis is also provided.
Image
Flow chart of organic solids: polymers, plastics, epoxies, long-chain hydro...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1986
Fig. 6 Flow chart of organic solids: polymers, plastics, epoxies, long-chain hydrocarbons, esters, foams, resins, detergents, dyes, organic composites, coal and coal derivatives, wood products, chemical reagents, organometallics. Acronyms are defined in Table 10 .
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Image
Flow charts of common techniques for characterization of organic solids. AE...
Available to Purchase
in Introduction to Characterization of Organic Solids and Organic Liquids
> Materials Characterization
Published: 15 December 2019
Fig. 1 Flow charts of common techniques for characterization of organic solids. AES: Auger electron spectroscopy; AFM: atomic force microscopy; COMB: high-temperature combustion; EFG: elemental and functional group analysis; EPMA: electron probe x-ray microanalysis; ESR: electron spin
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Book Chapter
How To Use the Handbook
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001726
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
..., and semiconductors ( Table 1 ); glasses and ceramics ( Table 2 ); and minerals, ores, and other inorganic compounds ( Table 3 ) Inorganic liquids and solutions( Table 4 ) Inorganic gases ( Table 5 ) Organic solids ( Table 6 ) Organic liquids and solutions ( Table 7 ) Organic gases ( Table 8...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006650
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... Abstract This article focuses on the application of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in materials science, especially for inorganic and organic polymer solids. It begins with a discussion on the general principles of NMR, providing information on nuclear spin...
Abstract
This article focuses on the application of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in materials science, especially for inorganic and organic polymer solids. It begins with a discussion on the general principles of NMR, providing information on nuclear spin descriptions and line narrowing and spectral resolution and describing the impact of magnetic field on nuclear spins and the factors determining resonance frequency. This is followed by a description of various systems and equipment necessary for NMR spectroscopy. A discussion on general sampling for solid-state NMR, sample-spinning requirements, and extraneous signals is then included. Various factors pertinent to accurate calibration of the NMR spectrum are also described. The article provides information on some of the parameters both beneficial and problematic for processing NMR data. It ends with a description of the applications of NMR in glass science and ceramics.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001731
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... Abstract Ultraviolet/visible (UV/VIS) absorption spectroscopy is a powerful yet cost-effective tool that is widely used to identify organic compounds and to measure the concentration of principal and trace constituents in liquid, gas, and solid test samples. This article emphasizes...
Abstract
Ultraviolet/visible (UV/VIS) absorption spectroscopy is a powerful yet cost-effective tool that is widely used to identify organic compounds and to measure the concentration of principal and trace constituents in liquid, gas, and solid test samples. This article emphasizes the quantitative analysis of elements in metals and metal-bearing ores. The instrumentation required for such applications consists of a light source, a filter or wavelength selector, and some type of visual or automated sensing mechanism. The article examines common sensing options and provides helpful information on how to set up and run a variety of UV/VIS absorption tests.
Book Chapter
Metallography and Microstructures of Weldments
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003785
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... in arc welded metals, organizing them according to the sectioning method by which they are observed. It describes the relationship between weld bead morphology and sectioning direction and its effect on measurement error. The article examines micrographs from stainless steel, aluminum, and titanium alloy...
Abstract
This article provides a review of metallographic procedures and techniques for analyzing the microstructure of fusion welded joints. It discusses sample preparation, the use of backing plates, and common sectioning methods. It identifies the various types of defects that can occur in arc welded metals, organizing them according to the sectioning method by which they are observed. It describes the relationship between weld bead morphology and sectioning direction and its effect on measurement error. The article examines micrographs from stainless steel, aluminum, and titanium alloy joints, highlighting important details such as solidification and solid-state transformation structures and what they reveal about the welding process. Besides arc welding, it also discusses laser and electron beam welding methods, resistance and spot welding, and the welding of dissimilar metals.
Book Chapter
Heat Treating of Low-Melting-Point Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4E
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04e.a0006275
EISBN: 978-1-62708-169-6
... practiced for bearing alloys, pewterware, and organ pipe alloys. The article reviews the principles underlying these applications. aging binary system castings dispersion hardening heat treatment lead lead alloys pewter solid-solution hardening solution treating ternary system tin alloys...
Abstract
This article discusses the various heat treating processes, namely, solid-solution hardening, solution treating, solution aging and dispersion hardening, for low-melting-point alloys such as lead alloys, tin-rich alloys, and zinc alloys. Heat treating of tin-rich alloys has been practiced for bearing alloys, pewterware, and organ pipe alloys. The article reviews the principles underlying these applications.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001325
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... maskants compliant organic coatings electrodeposition exempt-solvent-based coatings high-solids coatings material characteristics powder coating primers topcoats waterborne coatings THE FEDERAL CLEAN AIR ACT requires the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to establish a set of health...
Abstract
This article discusses coating products available for use in the aerospace industry that are compliant with regulations requiring reductions in emissions from organic solvents. The coating products addressed include primers, topcoats, and chemical milling maskants. It describes their characteristics and limitations compared to conventional noncompliant materials. The article addresses the methods and products commonly used achieve regulatory compliance: waterborne coatings, exempt-solvent-based coatings, high-solids coatings, powder coating, and electro-deposition.
Book Chapter
Thermosets
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003010
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... Abstract A thermosetting resin, or thermoset, is a synthetic organic polymer that cures to a solid, infusible mass by forming a three-dimensional network of covalent chemical bonds. Significant applications include construction and thermoset engineering plastics. This article discusses...
Abstract
A thermosetting resin, or thermoset, is a synthetic organic polymer that cures to a solid, infusible mass by forming a three-dimensional network of covalent chemical bonds. Significant applications include construction and thermoset engineering plastics. This article discusses the general and family characteristics of thermosetting resin families, including allyls, aminos (urea formaldehyde and melamine formaldehyde), cyanates, epoxies, polybenzimidazoles, unsaturated polyesters, thermoset polyimides, phenolics, and vinyl esters. It also explains processing methods, including curing and curing agents. The article provides descriptions of commercial product forms and the wide array of applications of thermosetting resins. It also tabulates the performance properties (mechanical, thermal, electrical and chemical resistance) of some families of unfilled or unreinforced thermosetting resins and reinforced or filled grades.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005675
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
... Abstract This article focuses on ceramics, glasses, glass-ceramics, and their derivatives, that is, inorganic-organic hybrids, in the forms of solid or porous bodies, oxide layers/coatings, and particles with sizes ranging from nanometers to micrometers, or even millimetres. These include inert...
Abstract
This article focuses on ceramics, glasses, glass-ceramics, and their derivatives, that is, inorganic-organic hybrids, in the forms of solid or porous bodies, oxide layers/coatings, and particles with sizes ranging from nanometers to micrometers, or even millimetres. These include inert crystalline ceramics, porous ceramics, calcium phosphate ceramics, and bioactive glasses. The article discusses the compositions of ceramics and carbon-base implant materials, and examines their differences in processing and structure. It describes the chemical and microstructural basis for their differences in physical properties, and relates the properties and hard-tissue response to particular clinical applications. The article also provides information on the glass or glass-ceramic particles used in cancer treatments.
Book Chapter
Materials Basics for the Corrosionist
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003711
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... of products. Processed solids can be divided into at least three categories: ceramics, metals, or organics. These categories are not exclusive and are roughly related to the type of bonding that holds the atoms together and their fundamental structural units as shown in Fig. 1 and described in Table 1...
Abstract
This article presents an overview of the science and engineering of materials along with suitable definitions, descriptions, and examples for better understanding for corrosionists with limited field knowledge. It begins with a detailed description of various categories of engineering materials and moves into the discussion of physical properties of materials, such as the phases, strength, conductivity, and wear. The article describes the methods used in the fabrication of engineering materials and summarizes the materials and their properties in a tabular form. The article concludes with information on material design, materials applications, and materials failure analysis.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006051
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
...-butadiene copolymer. They are generally one-pack systems (all components of the coating are packaged in one container) that are fast drying and low solids. A coating containing a thermoplastic binder dissolved in organic solvent is called a lacquer. Once a lacquer is applied, the thermoplastic film hardens...
Abstract
A coating can be defined as a substance spread over a surface to provide protection or to serve decorative purposes. This article discusses two industrial coating components, namely, nonvolatile components such as the resin or binder, pigments, and any additives that may be incorporated into the formulation; and volatile components such as solvents, or water in emulsions and their composition. It provides general information on volatile organic compounds. The article describes the film-forming mechanisms of various coating types, namely, lacquers, chemically converting coatings, latex coatings, alkyds and other resins, which cure by oxidation, moisture-curing polyurethanes and inorganic zinc primers, and powder coatings. The article concludes with a discussion on the functions of the primer, intermediate coat, and topcoat in coating systems.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006028
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... ) or at the terminus (linear) ( Fig. 8 ) affects the organic compatibility, polarity, and orientation of the siloxane in an applied coating film. Varying the ratio of methyl to larger organic substituents allows for the creation of properties ranging from: Liquid to solid Water soluble to water insoluble...
Abstract
This article focuses on those areas of coatings technology where silicon-based technology (SBT) is the primary enabling technology and where SBT is used as an additive to provide unique properties to the coating film. It describes the chemistry and the uses of alkoxy silanes. The uses of silicates, siliconates, silicone fluids, and silicone resins in coatings are reviewed. The article discusses the various applications of SBT, namely, primers, heat-resistant coatings, industrial maintenance coatings, hygienic coatings, and abrasion-resistant coatings, and for marine biofouling control. It also provides information on the benefits of silicon-base additives.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006636
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
...). Normal-phase chromatography goes all the way back to the original packed column, which used a polar stationary phase (calcium carbonate) with a nonpolar mobile phase (aliphatic hydrocarbons). Typically, for normal-phase chromatography on silica, the mobile phase is 100% organic solvent; no water is used...
Abstract
This article describes high-performance liquid chromatography and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography that are used to separate and quantify the chemical components in any sample that can be dissolved in a liquid. This includes pharmaceutical drugs, medicinal plant extracts, food constituents, flavors, fragrances, industrial chemicals, pesticides, and pollutants. Readers are introduced to the most commonly employed mode, reverse-phase chromatography, with examples and an exclusive focus on commercially available instruments and consumables. The discussion covers the various processes involved in liquid chromatography, including assessing a separation of sample components, adjusting the mobile phase, choosing the stationary phase, optimizing a separation, preparing real samples, and analyzing complex samples.
Book Chapter
Corrosion in Supercritical Water—Waste Destruction Environments
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004132
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... organic 600 1110 Wastage Ref 19 Alloys 625 and 718 Low-acid chloride and sulfate (with solid deposits) 600 1110 Pitting and crevice corrosion Ref 20 Alloy 625 Methylene chloride, isopropyl alcohol, NaOH 580 1075 SCC and pitting Ref 3 C276 Methylene chloride, isopropyl alcohol...
Abstract
Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is an effective process for the destruction of military and industrial wastes including wastewater sludge. This article discusses the unique properties of supercritical water and lists the main technological advantages of SCWO. For many waste streams, corrosion continues to be one of the central challenges to the full development of the SCWO technology. The article presents a summary of selected materials exposed to various environments as well as the observed form of corrosion in a table. It also illustrates the necessity to adopt a synergistic approach incorporating feed chemistry control, reactor design modifications, and intelligent materials selection, for mitigating degradation of SCWO systems.
Image
The change of the morphology of the solid/liquid interface as a function of...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2004
Fig. 11 The change of the morphology of the solid/liquid interface as a function of growth velocity ( V ) in a transparent organic system (pivalic acid, 0.076% ethanol) directionally solidified under a thermal gradient of 2.98 K/mm. (a) Planar interface, V = 0.2 μm/s. (b) Cellular interface
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Image
Change of morphology of the solid/liquid (S/L) interface as a function of g...
Available to Purchase
in The Liquid State and Principles of Solidification of Cast Iron
> Cast Iron Science and Technology
Published: 31 August 2017
Fig. 13 Change of morphology of the solid/liquid (S/L) interface as a function of growth velocity ( V ) in a transparent organic system (pivalic acid, 0.076% ethanol) directionally solidified under a thermal gradient of 2.98 K/mm. (a) Planar interface, V = 0.2 μm/s. (b) Cellular interface
More
Image
Flow charts of common techniques for characterization of organic liquids. E...
Available to Purchase
in Introduction to Characterization of Organic Solids and Organic Liquids
> Materials Characterization
Published: 15 December 2019
Fig. 2 Flow charts of common techniques for characterization of organic liquids. EFG: elemental and functional group analysis; ESR: electron spin resonance; FTIR: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; GC: gas chromatography; GC/MS: gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; IC: ion
More
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001778
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... background that must be considered when selecting a separation and detection mode for analysis. Ion chromatography has been used to analyze organic solids for such inorganic elements as the halogens, sulfur, and phosphorus. The sample is prepared by burning it in a closed container and dissolving...
Abstract
Ion chromatography (IC) is an analytical technique that uses columns packed with ion exchange resins to separate ions in aqueous solutions and dynamically elute them to a detector. This article provides information on the different modes of detection, namely, eluent-suppressed conductivity detection, single-column ion chromatography with conductivity detection, ion chromatography with spectrophotometric detection, and amperometric electrochemical detection. It describes the modes of separation techniques in IC and reversed-phase IC. The article discusses the detection capabilities of IC, the procedures for preparing solid and liquid samples, as well as the applications of IC.
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