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in Properties of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
Image
Various thermal, electrical, and optical properties of unalloyed titanium a...
Available to Purchase
in Wrought Titanium and Titanium Alloys
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 6 Various thermal, electrical, and optical properties of unalloyed titanium at elevated temperatures. (a) Thermal expansion. (b) Thermal conductivity. (c) Optical emissivity. (d) Electrical resistivity
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Image
Optical properties of manganese at 298 K (20 °C). (a) Refractive index. (b)...
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in Properties of Pure Metals
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 66 Optical properties of manganese at 298 K (20 °C). (a) Refractive index. (b)Absorption index. Sources: Ref 240 , 241
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Book Chapter
Optical Testing and Characterization
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006937
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... Abstract Optical testing of plastics includes the characterization of materials and the analysis of optical components. If a material is tested for transmission, haze, yellowness, and refractive index, the knowledge of its optical properties is nearly complete. For optical components, surface...
Abstract
Optical testing of plastics includes the characterization of materials and the analysis of optical components. If a material is tested for transmission, haze, yellowness, and refractive index, the knowledge of its optical properties is nearly complete. For optical components, surface irregularity, birefringence, and internal contamination must also be considered. These characteristics are a function of the material and the fabrication method. Gloss and color also are affected by the base material and measured as optical properties.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001090
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
..., and focuses on the chemical properties of various germanium compounds, including germanium halides, germanates, germanides, germanes, inorganic, and organogermanium compounds. It also tabulates the physical, thermal, electronic, and optical properties of germanium, and explains the economical aspects...
Abstract
Germanium is a semiconducting metalloid element found in Group IV A. Germanium is used in the field of electronics, infrared optics, and in the fields of gamma ray spectroscopy, catalysis, and fiber optics. This article discusses the sources, manufacturing, and processing of germanium, and focuses on the chemical properties of various germanium compounds, including germanium halides, germanates, germanides, germanes, inorganic, and organogermanium compounds. It also tabulates the physical, thermal, electronic, and optical properties of germanium, and explains the economical aspects and specifications of germanium. The article describes the analytical and test methods of germanium, including gravimetric method, titrimetric method, and spectral method. It provides a short note on toxicology, and concludes with the uses of germanium in different fields.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006925
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... polymers, heterochain polymers, and polymers containing aromatic rings. The article also includes some general information on the classification and naming of polymers and plastics. The most important properties of polymers, namely, thermal, mechanical, chemical, electrical, and optical properties...
Abstract
This introductory article describes the various aspects of chemical structure that are important to an understanding of polymer properties and thus their eventual effect on the end-use performance of engineering plastics. The polymers covered include hydrocarbon polymers, carbon-chain polymers, heterochain polymers, and polymers containing aromatic rings. The article also includes some general information on the classification and naming of polymers and plastics. The most important properties of polymers, namely, thermal, mechanical, chemical, electrical, and optical properties, and the most significant influences of structure on those properties are then discussed. A variety of engineering thermoplastics, including some that are regarded as high-performance thermoplastics, are covered in this article. In addition, a few examples of commodity thermoplastics and biodegradable thermoplastics are presented for comparison. Finally, the properties and applications of six common thermosets are briefly considered.
Book Chapter
Effects of Composition, Processing, and Structure on Properties of Engineering Plastics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006915
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... with various regions of the viscosity curve. It discusses the concept of shear sensitivity, the nature of viscoelastic properties, and the electrical, chemical, and optical properties of different plastics. It also reviews plastic processing operations, including extrusion, injection molding, and thermoforming...
Abstract
This article provides practical information and data on property development in engineering plastics. It discusses the effects of composition on submolecular and higher-order structure and the influence of plasticizers, additives, and blowing agents. It examines stress-strain curves corresponding to soft-and-weak, soft-and-tough, hard-and-brittle, and hard-and-tough plastics and temperature-modulus plots representative of polymers with different degrees of crystallinity, cross-linking, and polarity. It explains how viscosity varies with shear rate in polymer melts and how processes align with various regions of the viscosity curve. It discusses the concept of shear sensitivity, the nature of viscoelastic properties, and the electrical, chemical, and optical properties of different plastics. It also reviews plastic processing operations, including extrusion, injection molding, and thermoforming, and addresses related considerations such as melt viscosity and melt strength, crystallization, orientation, die swell, melt fracture, shrinkage, molded-in stress, and polymer degradation.
Book Chapter
Properties of Pure Metals
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... Abstract This article presents the following characteristics of pure metals : structure, chemical composition, mass characteristics, thermal properties, electrical properties, chemical properties, magnetic properties, optical properties, fabrication characteristics, nuclear properties...
Abstract
This article presents the following characteristics of pure metals : structure, chemical composition, mass characteristics, thermal properties, electrical properties, chemical properties, magnetic properties, optical properties, fabrication characteristics, nuclear properties, and mechanical properties.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0009242
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
..., toughness, thermal properties, as well as electrical and optical properties. It concludes with a discussion on the environmental behavior of para-aramid fibers. aramid fibers chemical composition compressive properties continuous filament yarns creep discontinuous staple electrical properties...
Abstract
The chemical composition of Kevlar aramid fiber is poly para-phenyleneterephthalamide. Para-aramid fibers belong to a class of materials known as liquid crystalline polymers. This article discusses the manufacture of aramid fibers and the major fiber forms, such as continuous filament yarns, rovings, woven fabrics, discontinuous staple and spun yarns, fabrics, and pulp. Key representative properties of para-aramid fibers are listed in a table. The article reviews the properties of aramid fibers, including tensile modulus, tensile strength, creep and fatigue, compressive properties, toughness, thermal properties, as well as electrical and optical properties. It concludes with a discussion on the environmental behavior of para-aramid fibers.
Book Chapter
Design and Engineering Properties of Glasses
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003066
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... Abstract This article describes the chemical composition, physical properties, thermal properties, mechanical properties, electrical properties, optical properties, magnetic properties, and chemical properties of glasses, glass-matrix composites, and glass-ceramics. chemical properties...
Abstract
This article describes the chemical composition, physical properties, thermal properties, mechanical properties, electrical properties, optical properties, magnetic properties, and chemical properties of glasses, glass-matrix composites, and glass-ceramics.
Book Chapter
Properties of Precious Metals
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001088
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... Abstract This article discusses the chemical composition, fabrication characteristics, applications, mechanical properties, mass characteristics, thermal properties, electrical properties, optical properties, and chemical properties of precious metals, namely, silver, gold, platinum...
Abstract
This article discusses the chemical composition, fabrication characteristics, applications, mechanical properties, mass characteristics, thermal properties, electrical properties, optical properties, and chemical properties of precious metals, namely, silver, gold, platinum, and palladium and their corresponding alloys.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003086
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... properties (mass characteristics and thermal, electrical, magnetic, radiation, and optical properties), chemical properties (corrosion and oxidation resistance) and mechanical properties (tensile and yield strength, elongation, toughness, hardness, creep, and fatigue). The article also contains tables...
Abstract
Material properties are the link between the basic structure and composition of the material and the service performance of a part or component. This article describes the most significant properties that must be considered when choosing a metal for a given application, namely physical properties (mass characteristics and thermal, electrical, magnetic, radiation, and optical properties), chemical properties (corrosion and oxidation resistance) and mechanical properties (tensile and yield strength, elongation, toughness, hardness, creep, and fatigue). The article also contains tables that list room-temperature physical properties, vapor pressures, and mechanical properties for various metals.
Image
Ray diagram illustrating the formation of astigmatism for a lens with sligh...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2004
Fig. 14 Ray diagram illustrating the formation of astigmatism for a lens with slightly different optical properties in the horizontal and vertical directions. In this illustration, the lens is more powerful in the vertical plane.
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Book Chapter
Optical Testing of Polymers
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003027
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... optical testing optical transmission photoelastic measurements physical properties plastics refractive index surface characteristics yellowness OPTICAL TESTING of plastics includes characterization of materials and analysis of optical components. If a material is tested for transmission, haze...
Abstract
Optical testing of plastics includes characterization of materials and analysis of optical components. This article focuses on procedures for testing various characteristics of optical components, including transmission and haze, yellowness, refractive index, birefringence, as well as surface irregularity, contamination, gloss, and color. It provides a short note on ad hoc testing, which is beneficial for practical applications in which lenses, prisms, and light pipes are being used and tested, as other test instruments are often not available.
Book Chapter
General Characteristics and Applications of Ceramics and Glasses
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003049
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
.... For instance, silicate glasses have been modified to improve their optical properties. Nonsilicate glasses, such as chalcogenides, are also being developed. In addition, glass-ceramic compositions are being developed for structural and electronic applications. Ceramic materials are used for important...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the types, properties, and applications of traditional and advanced ceramics and glasses. Principal product areas for traditional ceramics include whitewares, glazes, porcelain enamels, structural clay products, cements, and refractories. Advanced ceramics include electronic ceramics, optical ceramics, magnetic ceramics, and structural ceramics.
Book Chapter
Film Thickness Measurements Using Optical Techniques
Available to PurchaseBook: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001295
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... require significantly greater calibration efforts, however, and always depend on assumptions wit regard to microstructure. Ellipsometry and reflectometry basically involve the measurement of changes in phase shift or intensity, respectively, as light reflects from material. Optical properties and film...
Abstract
Measuring the thickness of thin films can be accomplished in many ways. This article focuses on the optical method of single-wavelength ellipsometry, two multiple-wavelength methods of reflectometry and spectroscopic ellipsometry for measuring the thickness of thin films. The general capabilities, principles and applications of ellipsometry and reflectometry are discussed in terms of nondestructive methods.
Book Chapter
Characterization of Ceramics and Glasses
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006671
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... optical properties, such as color. In optical fibers, trace elements must be determined and controlled for species as common as water and iron to either minimize optical transmission losses or to produce an active fiber. Defects in glasses, such as seeds (small bubbles) and stones (small inclusions...
Abstract
The characterization, testing, and nondestructive evaluation of ceramics and glasses are vital to manufacturing control, property improvement, failure prevention, and quality assurance. This article provides a broad overview of characterization methods and their relationship to property control, both in the production and use of ceramics and glasses. Important aspects covered include the means for characterizing ceramics and glasses, the corresponding rationale behind them, and relationship of chemistry, phases, and microconstituents to engineering properties. The article also describes the effects that the structure of raw ceramic materials and green products and processing parameters have on the ultimate structure and properties of the processed piece. The effects that trace chemistry and processing parameters have on glass properties are discussed. The article describes mechanical tests and failure analysis techniques used for ceramics.
Book Chapter
Semiconductor Characterization
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006670
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... consist of a mix of amorphous and polycrystalline domains; properties of these thin films are commonly characterized using electrical, optical, and surface scanning probe-based techniques. Low-dimensional semiconductors are materials and structures with at least one critical dimension that is within...
Abstract
This article introduces various techniques commonly used in the characterization of semiconductors, namely single-crystal, polycrystalline, amorphous, oxide, organic, and low-dimensional semiconductors and semiconductor devices. The discussion covers material classification, fabrication methods, sample preparation, bulk/elemental characterization methods, microstructural characterization methods, surface characterization methods, and electronic characterization methods.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003006
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... of Engineering Plastics and Elastomers” in this Volume covers the topic thoroughly. Four major categories of polymer properties will be explored: thermal, mechanical, chemical, and electrical and optical. Thermal Properties Thermal properties include dimensional stability, thermal decomposition...
Abstract
This article outlines the fundamentals of polymer science and emphasizes the aspects that are necessary and useful to applications of engineering plastics. The basic structure of polymers influences the properties of both polymers and the plastics made from them. An understanding of this basic structure permits the engineers to understand which polymers may be acceptable for a certain application, and which may not. There are various possible classification schemes for polymers. Typical classification categories include polymerization process, chemical elements that make up the monomer, or crystalline versus noncrystalline structure. The article describes the various aspects of chemical structure that are important to an understanding of polymer properties and, thus, affect eventual end uses. It discusses different types of names assigned to polymers. The article details the aspects of polymer structure and examines the properties of polymers and the way they are altered by structure.
Book Chapter
Induction Heating in Optical Fiber Draw Processing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005912
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... (3630 °F). In many heating applications, the goal is to join parts, modify materials properties such as hardness, or to melt and mix materials together. For optical fiber processing, a main use of heating is to modify the viscosity of a glass preform. A glass preform is a large-diameter, long-length...
Abstract
The optical fiber preform is a long cylinder of glass that contains core and cladding glasses. This article describes the relationship between the peak furnace temperature, fiber draw tension, and fiber draw speed. It focuses on temperature requirements such as product viscosity, hot zone length, temperature profile, and heating cycle to draw the glass. The article provides information on process gases in the draw induction furnace, insulation package for induction heating operations, and furnace design and scalability. It reviews the key factors for the selection of susceptor materials, namely, cost, temperature cycling, and the impact on the product.
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