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optical holography
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006474
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
.... acoustical holography liquid-surface acoustical holography optical holography scanning acoustical holography sleeve-bearing stock through-transmission breast imaging system ACOUSTICAL HOLOGRAPHY is the extension of holography into the ultrasonic domain. The principles of acoustical holography are...
Abstract
Acoustical holography is the extension of holography into the ultrasonic domain. The basic systems for acoustical holography are the liquid-surface type and the scanning type. This article discusses the applications for acoustical holography, including inspection of large composite parts, through-transmission breast imaging system, inspection of welds in thick materials, and inspection of sleeve-bearing stock. It describes the basic system for liquid-surface acoustical holography and scanning acoustical holography. A comparison between these techniques is also provided.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003240
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract Holography is basically a two-step process for creating a whole three dimensional image of a diffusely reflecting object having some arbitrary shape. This article discusses the advantages, disadvantages and applications of using the optical holography method in nondestructive...
Abstract
Holography is basically a two-step process for creating a whole three dimensional image of a diffusely reflecting object having some arbitrary shape. This article discusses the advantages, disadvantages and applications of using the optical holography method in nondestructive evaluation. It also discusses the types of acoustical holography, including liquid-surface acoustical holography and scanning acoustical holography. The article concludes by comparing liquid-surface and scanning systems.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003230
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... borescopes (rigid and flexible), optical sensors, and magnifying systems. The article discusses the special features of borescopes, the factors that influence the choice of a flexible or rigid borescope for use in a specific application, and some of the image sensors used in visual inspection. flexible...
Abstract
Visual inspection is a nondestructive testing technique that provides a means to detect and examine a variety of surface flaws, such as corrosion, contamination, surface finish, and surface discontinuities. This article discusses the equipment used to aid visual inspection, including borescopes (rigid and flexible), optical sensors, and magnifying systems. The article discusses the special features of borescopes, the factors that influence the choice of a flexible or rigid borescope for use in a specific application, and some of the image sensors used in visual inspection.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006460
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... comparison to the confocal Fabry-Perot approach, in which adaptation is performed by passive or linear optical components; the technique used also is known as real-time holography. This active wavefront adaptation eliminates the need for an external stabilization device against thermal drift or ambient...
Abstract
Laser-ultrasonics is a particular implementation of ultrasonic nondestructive inspection in which ultrasound is generated and detected by lasers. This article discusses the various mechanisms that ensure ultrasound generation and explains the possibility to get the equivalent of phase-array by numerical processing of an array of previously acquired laser-ultrasonic signals. The article describes the ultrasound generation by thermoelastic mechanism and ablation or vaporization. It illustrates the principle of optical detection of ultrasound with confocal Fabry-Perot interferometer and photorefractive two-wave mixing interferometer. The article concludes with information on the industrial applications of laser-ultrasonics, including thickness measurement, flaw detection, and material characterization.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003228
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... addition, other NDE methods, such as eddy current, ultrasonic, optical holography, and speckle metrology, often find application in the field of metrology. Another interesting area of NDT is microstructural characterization, which can be done in situ without damaging the object by using replication...
Abstract
This article reviews nondestructive testing (NDT) and inspection techniques, namely liquid penetrant, magnetic particle, ultrasonics, X-ray, eddy current, visual and radiography that are commonly used to detect and evaluate flaws or leaks in an engineering system. This article compares the merits and limitations of these techniques and describes the various uses of NDT, including leak detection, metrology, structure or microstructure characterization, stress-strain response determination, and rapid identification of metals and alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006671
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... inspection, computed tomography, magnetic spin resonance imaging, neutron radiography, thermal inspection, optical holography, and acoustic holography. As already noted, flaws and cracks in ceramics represent locations where mechanical failure initiates and therefore dictate the mechanical properties...
Abstract
The characterization, testing, and nondestructive evaluation of ceramics and glasses are vital to manufacturing control, property improvement, failure prevention, and quality assurance. This article provides a broad overview of characterization methods and their relationship to property control, both in the production and use of ceramics and glasses. Important aspects covered include the means for characterizing ceramics and glasses, the corresponding rationale behind them, and relationship of chemistry, phases, and microconstituents to engineering properties. The article also describes the effects that the structure of raw ceramic materials and green products and processing parameters have on the ultimate structure and properties of the processed piece. The effects that trace chemistry and processing parameters have on glass properties are discussed. The article describes mechanical tests and failure analysis techniques used for ceramics.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006478
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... for microstructural examination. A small indication located at point “G” in Fig. 45 was one of the cut sections. A low-magnification optical micrograph from this area ( Fig. 46 ) shows a localized high volume fraction of silicon carbide. A higher-magnification scanning electron micrograph ( Fig. 47...
Abstract
This article introduces the principal methodologies and some advanced technologies that are being applied for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix composites. These include acoustic emission, ultrasonic, eddy-current, computed tomography, electromagnetic acoustic transducer, radiography, thermography, and low-frequency vibration methods. The article also provides information on NDE methods commonly used for metal-matrix composites.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003239
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... then may be displayed. Infrared imaging equipment is available with a wide range of capabilities. The simplest systems are responsive to the near-infrared portion of the optical spectrum. These include night-vision devices and vidicon systems with silicon or lead sulfide sensors. Silicon sensors...
Abstract
Thermal inspection comprises all methods in which heat-sensing devices or substances are used to detect irregular temperatures. Inspection of workpieces can be used to detect flaws and undesirable distribution of heat during service. Though there are several methods of thermal inspection and many types of temperature-measuring devices and substances, this article focuses only on thermography, which is the mapping of isotherms, or contours of equal temperature, over a test surface, and on thermometry, which is the measurement of temperature. Thermography techniques can be classified as contact thermographic methods using cholesteric liquid crystals, thermally quenched phosphors, and heat-sensitive paints, and noncontact techniques using hand-held infrared scanners, high-resolution infrared imaging systems, and thermal wave interferometer systems. Contact thermometric inspection devices include bolometers, thermocouples, thermopiles, and meltable substances, whereas radiometers and pyrometers come under the noncontact category.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006457
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
Abstract
Adhesive-bonded joints are extensively used in aircraft components and assemblies where structural integrity is critical. This article addresses the problem of how to inspect bonded assemblies so that all discrepancies are identified. It describes several inspection techniques and presents drawbacks and limitations of these techniques. Generic flaw types and flaw-producing mechanisms are listed in a table. The article discusses metal-to-metal defects, adherend defects, honeycomb sandwich defects, repair defects, and in-service defects. It reviews the methods applicable to the inspection of bonded structures, including visual inspection, ultrasonic inspection, X-ray radiography, and neutron radiography. The evaluation and correlation of inspection results are also discussed. The article concludes with information on the effects of ultrasonic wave interference in the ultrasonic inspection of adhesive-bonded joints.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006772
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
...) Portable hardness tester Optical microscope and/or a borescope with low-to-moderate magnification Metallographic polishing and chemical etching kit Dye penetrant kit Magnetic-particle inspection kit Simple chemical tests for plating and alloy identification Visual inspection assisted...
Abstract
Failure analysis is generally defined as the investigation and analysis of parts or structures that have failed or appeared to have failed to perform their intended duty. Methods of field inspection and initial examination are also critical factors for both reconstruction analysts and materials failure analysts. This article focuses on the general methods and approaches from the perspective of a reconstruction analyst. It describes the elements of accident reconstruction, which have conceptual similarity with the principles for failure analysis of material incidents that are less complex than a large-scale accident. The approach presented is that the analysis and reconstruction is based on the physical evidence. The article provides a brief review of some general concepts on the use and limitations of advanced data acquisition tools and computer modeling. Legal implications of destructive testing are discussed in detail.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006456
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... radiography and ultrasound, which are compared with XCT in Table 1 . Less common methods in industrial testing are nuclear tracer imaging, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, and x-ray backscatter imaging. Acoustic emission, holography, and other techniques provide indirect or bulk information on the...
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) is an imaging technique that generates a three-dimensional (3-D) volumetric image of a test piece. This article illustrates the basic principles of CT and provides information on the types, applications, and capabilities of CT systems. A comparison of performance characteristics for film radiography, real-time radiography, and X-ray computed tomography is presented in a table. A functional block diagram of a typical computed tomography system is provided. The article discusses CT scanning geometry that is used to acquire the necessary transmission data. It also provides information on digital radiography, image processing and analysis, dual-energy imaging, and partial angle imaging, of a CT system.