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Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002164
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
..., including turbine blade cooling holes, turbine vane cooling holes, turbine disk cooling passages, oil passages, and fuel nozzles. It describes the limitations and advantages of the STEM process. The article discusses the various tool parts of the STEM system, including the holding fixture, guide...
Abstract
Shaped tube electrolytic machining (STEM) is a modified electrochemical machining (ECM) process that uses an acid electrolyte so that the removed metal goes into the solution instead of forming a precipitate. This article lists some specific machining applications of the STEM process, including turbine blade cooling holes, turbine vane cooling holes, turbine disk cooling passages, oil passages, and fuel nozzles. It describes the limitations and advantages of the STEM process. The article discusses the various tool parts of the STEM system, including the holding fixture, guide for cathodes, cathodes, and cathode holder/manifold. The article concludes with information on the process parameters of the STEM system.
Book Chapter
Design for Economical Coring
Available to PurchaseBook: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0009019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... inside diameter, and thereby to lower production costs substantially. As originally designed, Fig. 6(a) , this casting required a baked sand core and one of green sand. It had a deep circular lightener pocket on one face and a circular oil passage opening to its outside diameter. The lightener pocket...
Abstract
Cores are separate shapes, of sand, metal, or plaster, that are placed in the mold to provide castings with contours, cavities, and passages. Cored holes should be designed simply as the intended function of the casting permits. This article describes the designing of casting for the use of sand cores and to eliminate cores, with illustrations. It provides general rules for designing cored holes in investment castings. The article discusses the general principles of coremaking with illustrations. It concludes with a comparison between coring and drilling.
Book Chapter
Coremaking
Available to PurchaseBook: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005244
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... Abstract Cores are separate shapes of sand that are placed in the mold to provide castings with contours, cavities, and passages that are not otherwise practical or physically obtainable by the mold. This article describes the basic principles of coremaking and the types of core sands, binders...
Abstract
Cores are separate shapes of sand that are placed in the mold to provide castings with contours, cavities, and passages that are not otherwise practical or physically obtainable by the mold. This article describes the basic principles of coremaking and the types of core sands, binders, and additives used in coremaking. It discusses the curing of compacted cores by core baking and the hot box processes. The article provides an overview of the core coatings, assembling and core setting, coring of tortuous passages, and cores in permanent mold castings and investment castings. It also discusses the design considerations in coremaking to eliminate cores and compares coring with drilling.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004108
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... offshore structures. Most stationary offshore oil industry platforms are not painted below the waterline, and most marine pipelines are factory coated with special proprietary coatings (see the articles “Corrosion in Petroleum Production Operations,” and “External Corrosion of Oil and Natural Gas...
Abstract
Organic coatings are the principal means of corrosion control for the hulls and topsides of ships and for the splash zones on permanent offshore structures. This article describes surface preparation which is the most important consideration in determining the performance of organic coating systems. It contains a table that lists the uses and applicable standards for various surface preparation techniques. The article provides information on organic coatings in topside coating systems and reviews the importance of primers in the protection of steel substrates. It also explains the property requirements and the common types of immersion coatings.
Book Chapter
Introduction: Expendable Mold Processes with Expendable Patterns
Available to PurchaseBook: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005253
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... is especially suitable for fairly complex castings with many internal passages. Cylinder blocks and cylinder heads for internal combustion engines are fairly good candidates for this process, where internal oil, water, and gas passages can be integrally cast as one piece. Typically, these complex internal...
Abstract
Depending on the size and application, castings manufactured with the expendable mold process and with expendable patterns increase the tolerance from 1.5 to 3.5 times that of the permanent pattern methods. This article reviews the two major expendable pattern methods, such as lost foam and investment casting. It discusses the Replicast casting process that involves patternmaking with polystyrene and a ceramic shell mold. The article contains a table that summarizes the differences in the steps of casting a part between the permanent pattern and expendable pattern methods.
Book Chapter
Selection, Application, and Disposal of Finishing Fluids
Available to PurchaseBook: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001240
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... can be composed of petroleum oil, extreme-pressure lubricants, emulsifiers, soaps, wetting agents, coupling agents, corrosion inhibitors, biocides, antifoams, and water. Depending on composition, fluids are generally categorized as: Synthetic or chemical fluids contain no petroleum oil...
Abstract
Grinding is an extremely complex process that requires the consideration of a number of elements in order to make a reasonably adroit initial selection of a fluid or fluids for a manufacturing plant. In addition, the disposal of grinding wastes must meet the minimum requirements as recommended by the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations. This article explains the selection considerations of such fluids, as well as the applications and environmental issues related to the grinding processes.
Book Chapter
Engine Coolants and Coolant System Corrosion
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004164
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
..., Ford Motor Company, General Motors, and DaimlerChrysler, began installing a 50% water and 50% ethylene glycol coolant solution into their new vehicles. This led to the emergence of engine coolant/antifreeze as a year-round functional fluid, making it as important as engine oil or automatic transmission...
Abstract
Advances in vehicle design and technology require engine coolant technology to minimize the degradation of nonmetals and prevent the corrosion of the metals in the cooling system. This article provides a detailed discussion on the functions, operation, materials, and major components of the cooling system. It discusses various forms of corrosion that occur in cooling systems, including uniform corrosion, galvanic corrosion, crevice corrosion, pitting corrosion, intergranular corrosion, erosion corrosion, and cavitation corrosion. The article presents information on engine coolant base components and inhibitors used for corrosion prevention. It reviews the coolant performance tests recommended by ASTM, SAE, and vehicle manufacturers. The article concludes with a description on the difference between light-duty automotive and heavy-duty diesel engine coolants.
Book Chapter
Cutting Fluids
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003189
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
.... Deep-hole drilling presents the problem of maintaining a sufficient flow of cutting fluid to the cutting edges. One solution is the use of oil-groove, oil-hole, or oil-tube drills, which utilize drill-flute space for cutting fluid passages. The fluid, under 345 to 690 kPa (50 to 100 psi) pressure...
Abstract
Cutting fluids play a major role in increasing productivity and reducing costs by making possible the use of higher cutting speeds, higher feed rates, and greater depths of cut. After listing the functions of cutting fluids, this article then covers the major types, characteristics, advantages and limitations of cutting and grinding fluids, such as cutting oils, water-miscible fluids, gaseous fluids, pastes, and solid lubricants along with their subtypes. It discusses the factors considered during the selection of cutting fluid, focusing on machinability (or grindability) of the material, compatibility (metallurgical, chemical, and human), and acceptability (fluid properties, reliability, and stability). The article also describes various application methods of cutting fluids and precautions that should be observed by the operator.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003597
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... Heat-affected surface Heat-affected surface EDM, electric discharge machining; STEM, shaped-tube electrolytic machining; ESD, electrostream drilling; LBM, laser beam machining; EBM, electron beam machining. Source: Ref 8 Other applications of deep-hole drilling include: oil passages...
Abstract
Specific machining processes that employ electrochemical machining technology include deburring and deep-hole drilling. This article describes the principle and applications of electrochemical deburring as well as the machine tools used in the process. The system, process capabilities, and applications of electrochemical deep-hole drilling are also discussed. The article also reviews the pulse electrochemical machining.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001810
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... in presence of abrasive matter Shaft wear or wear in bearing or housing bore Rotational creep because of loose fit Electrical Pitting Small craters uniformly distributed over ball paths Continuous passage of electric current Small craters randomly oriented or in bandlike order along ball paths...
Abstract
Rolling-element bearings use rolling elements interposed between two raceways, and relative motion is permitted by the rotation of these elements. This article presents an overview of bearing materials, bearing-load ratings, and an examination of failed bearings. Rolling-element bearings are designed on the principle of rolling contact rather than sliding contact; frictional effects, although low, are not negligible, and lubrication is essential. The article lists the typical characteristics and causes of several types of failures. It describes failure by wear, failure by fretting, failure by corrosion, failure by plastic flow, failure by rolling-contact fatigue, and failure by damage. The article discusses the effects of fabrication practices, heat treatment and hardness of bearing components, and lubrication of rolling-element bearings with a few examples.
Book Chapter
Steel Tubular Products
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003096
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
..., water main pipe, oil country tubular goods, water well pipe, and pressure pipe. Pipes in suitable sizes, and most of the products classified as tubing, both seamless and welded, may be cold finished. Pressure tubes are given a separate classification by both the American Society for Testing...
Abstract
This article discusses the classifications, specifications, applications and methods for producing welded and seamless steel tubular products, including pipes and tubes. Common types of pipes include standard pipe, conduit pipe, piling pipe, pipe for nipples, transmission or line pipe, water main pipe, oil country tubular goods, water well pipe, and pressure pipe. Pipes in suitable sizes, and most of the products classified as tubing, both seamless and welded, may be cold finished. Pressure tubes are given a separate classification by both the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and producers. The term tube covers three groups, including pressure tubes, structural tubing, and mechanical tubing.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006407
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... that deflects the oil to a drilled passage leading to the bearing. A limitation of sump systems is the lack of effective filtration. Such systems are only suitable for inherently clean-running applications. Circulating Fluid Systems Operation at higher speeds will cause the temperature to increase...
Abstract
This article discusses the functions of lubricants to prevent premature failure of rolling element bearings and the advantages of fluid lubrication. It describes the composition of refined mineral oil for rolling bearing applications. The article reviews the types and properties of nonpetroleum oils, such as polyglycols, phosphate esters, silicone fluids, dibasic acid esters, and fluorinated polyethers. It discusses the properties of greases, including grease speed limits, grease composition, relubrication intervals, corrosion prevention behavior, and grease compatibility. The article concludes with a discussion on polymeric lubricants and solid lubricants.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006071
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... resins. It also provides a section on drying oil, which is used in the manufacture of resins. The article describes the three categories of metals that have been used in drier compounds: primary driers (active or oxidation driers), secondary driers (through-driers), and auxiliary driers. It also provides...
Abstract
An alkyd is an ester-based polymer derived from the polycondensation reaction of polyhydric alcohol and polybasic acid. This article provides useful information on the chemistry, production, coating formulations, modification, commercial products, and application methods of alkyd resins. It also provides a section on drying oil, which is used in the manufacture of resins. The article describes the three categories of metals that have been used in drier compounds: primary driers (active or oxidation driers), secondary driers (through-driers), and auxiliary driers. It also provides information on the oil length of an alkyd resin and on solvents, which play a critical role in the formulation and use of the coating. The article concludes with a description of the concerns that a user, specifier, or applicator should be aware of when using alkyd coatings.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005267
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... of the die can be accomplished using oil as a heat-transfer medium. Water cooling can also be used, but in this case, cartridge heaters or other means of preheating the die prior to beginning the casting campaign are required. Many die casters control die temperature by observing the casting being...
Abstract
This article describes the melting process of casting metals used in hot chamber die casting. It discusses the design and capabilities of injection components, such as gooseneck, plunger, and cylinder. The article reviews the distinctions between hot and cold chamber processes. An example of a typical runner, gate and overflow configuration for faucet fixture casting is shown. Temperature control for die casting is also discussed. The article explains some ejection and post-processing techniques used for the hot chamber die casting: robotics, recycling, and fluxing.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006383
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
..., which are more prone to hitch a ride on these particles. Also, polar particles are more apt to cluster and obliterate fine oil passages, oil ways, and silt lands. This is compounded if water is present, which has a tendency to cling to polar solid contaminants, further promoting obliteration...
Abstract
This article focuses on different aspects of wear particle analysis. It discusses the different wear regimes in the wear rate versus time (bathtub) curve. The article explains the essence of condition monitoring and how to properly sample lubricants for condition monitoring. It also discusses in-service lubricant analysis for condition monitoring, focusing on the spectrometric oil analysis program. The article describes the characteristics of wear particles and analytical techniques for characterizing them. It also describes the characteristics of different types of wear particles and the mechanisms by which they are generated. The article concludes with a summary of the major applications of wear particle analysis.
Book Chapter
Vapor Degreasing Alternatives
Available to PurchaseBook: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001324
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
..., the U.S. Congress enacted the Clean Air Act, which made provisions for the attainment and maintenance of ambient air quality. The passage of the Clean Air Act, which is administered by the EPA, marked the start of major regulatory initiatives to control the emissions of VOC from industrial processes...
Abstract
The chemicals that have been used in traditional vapor degreasing have serious health and environmental hazards that have prompted the search for modified and alternative techniques. This article provides a detailed discussion on the regulatory mandates that affect the use of industrial degreasing methods. It describes the aqueous degreasing technique, which forms an attractive alternative to the traditional vapor degreasing process. The article includes information on the materials and equipment used in the process, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of hot and dip tank systems of aqueous degreasing. It explains how to convert an existing vapor degreaser to an aqueous cleaning system.
Book Chapter
Quenchant Agitation, Design, and Characterization
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005923
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
.... Adequate ventilation should be provided to protect workers from fumes. Protection against fires should be provided when using oil quenchants. Clean-out plates below the quenchant level in the tank should be avoided, because gaskets are prone to leakage and are difficult to maintain. Special...
Abstract
Quenchant agitation can be obtained by circulating quenchant in a quench tank through pumps and impellers. The selection of the agitation method depends on the tank design, type and volume of the quenchant, part design, and the severity of quench required. This article describes flow measurement methods, temperature control, materials handling, and filtration processes during the agitation process. The maintenance of quenching installations is also discussed.
Book Chapter
Friction, Lubrication, and Wear of Pump and Compressor Components
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006429
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... in hydraulics, compressors/cylinders in pneumatics, and electric generator/motors. Hydraulic fluid power systems use pressurized oils and sometimes water as a power transmission system ( Ref 5 ). Therefore, the pumps must generate high pressure ( Ref 6 ) and so are equipped with high pressure chambers...
Abstract
Pumps and compressors are representative fluid machineries, which are indispensably important industrial equipment for water supply systems, chemical processing and reactions, and fluid power systems. This article addresses friction, lubrication, and wear of components in several types of machines such as positive displacement pumps including hydraulic pumps, turbo-pumps including centrifugal pumps, vacuum pumps, and compressors including the positive displacement type and turbo type.
Book Chapter
Selection and Use of Lubricants in Forming of Sheet Metal
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005159
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
.... As such they provide the boundaries between which the lubricant must operate. These surfaces are complex. The chemistry of the surface is not the same as the bulk chemistry of the sheet or tools. The lubricant interacts with an oxide layer of varying complexity; various contaminants may infiltrate the oxide layer (oil...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the interfacial interactions with a lubricant film between a die and a metal, lubricant mechanisms, chemistry, qualification testing, application methods, and property test methods. It focuses on sheet metal-forming operations, although the discussions are relevant to metal-forming operations in general. The article also deals with lubricant selection as influenced by the metal to be formed and particular sheet-metal forming operations. The article also discusses some aspects of microbiology and toxicity in lubricants.
Book Chapter
Heat Processing Equipment
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003198
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... is well adapted to heat treatment of tool steels, as well as to treatment of nonferrous alloys. Advantages of using salt bath equipment include thermal control and rapid heating rates. Externally Heated Furnaces Externally heated salt bath furnaces may be fired by gas or oil, or heated by means...
Abstract
Batch furnaces and continuous furnaces are commonly used in heat treating. This article provides a detailed account of various heat treating equipment and its furnace types, including salt bath equipment (externally heated, immersed-electrode and submerged-electrode furnaces), and fluidized-bed equipment (external-resistance-heated fluidized beds). It describes various auxiliary equipment used in cold-wall furnaces, namely, heating elements and pumping systems. Five types of heat-resistant alloys are used for furnace parts, trays, and fixtures: Fe-Cr alloys, Fe-Cr-Ni alloys, Fe-Ni-Cr alloys, nickel-base alloys and cobalt-base alloys. The article lists the recommended applications for alloys for parts and fixtures for various types of heat treating furnaces.
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