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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003754
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... discusses the examination of specimen surfaces using polarized light, phase contrast, oblique illumination, dark-field illumination, bright-field illumination, interference-contrast illumination, and phase contrast illumination. Special techniques and devices that may be used with the optical microscope...
Abstract
This article provides information on the basic components of a light microscope, including the illumination system, collector lens, and optical and mechanical components. It describes optical performance in terms of image aberrations, resolution, and depth of field. The article discusses the examination of specimen surfaces using polarized light, phase contrast, oblique illumination, dark-field illumination, bright-field illumination, interference-contrast illumination, and phase contrast illumination. Special techniques and devices that may be used with the optical microscope, to obtain additional information, are also described. The article concludes with information on photomicroscopy and macrophotography.
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Published: 01 January 1987
) Oblique illumination provided by photoflood lamp, highlighting the fatigue zone strongly. (c) Parallel oblique illumination provided by fluorescent tubes, resulting in less highlighting. (d) Ring lighting: 360° oblique illumination by circular fluorescent tubes, which gives good detail except
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Image
Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 14 Comparison of replica fractographs of a fatigue fracture in an induction-hardened 15B28 steel shaft. Fracture was initiated at the large inclusion in the center of the views during rotating bending. (a) Oblique illumination from a point source lamp. (b) Same area as (a), photographed
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Image
Published: 01 June 2024
Fig. 14 Compression spring that failed due to fatigue. (a) Illuminated with a large overhead light source. (b) The same fracture under oblique lighting. Note that the spring coil inside diameter visible in the previous image at the right side is now completely in shadow. (c) Same lighting
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Image
Published: 01 June 2024
Fig. 21 Fractured impeller (a) illuminated by a large overhead light source. (b) The same fracture under oblique illumination. The light direction is from the top of the image.
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Image
Published: 01 June 2024
Fig. 11 Position of an oblique small fiber-optic light to provide low-angle oblique illumination to a fracture surface, showing the approximate direction of the light rays. Minor adjustments of the angle and clock position of the light produce significant changes in the image of the fracture
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Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 19 Sn-0.05Pb alloy; liquid decanted to reveal structures of solid/liquid interfaces. (a) Oblique illumination reveals nodes at the solid/liquid interface. (b) Elongated cells at the solid/liquid interface under bright-field illumination. (c) Fully developed hexagonal cells at the solid
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Image
Published: 01 June 2024
Fig. 9 Effect of lighting direction on appearances of beach marks. (a) Fatigue beach marks due to oxidation are well illuminated by direct overhead lighting. (b) Same location as in (a) but under oblique illumination. The beach marks, while still apparent, are less obvious.
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Image
Published: 01 June 2024
Fig. 6 A Si 3 N 4 rod broken in uniaxial tension. The same rod shown in Fig. 5 . Fracture origin is at the top of the image. Optical microscope; reflected light (oblique illumination)
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Image
Published: 01 June 2024
shaft under oblique illumination from the left side. The fracture ridges point away from the transverse hole at the lower right. Several sets of beach marks are visible. Two origins are present, one on each side of the transverse hole at the shaft outside diameter. “Hot spots” are present on both
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 6 Silicon nitride rod broken in uniaxial tension. The same rod shown in Fig. 5 . Fracture origin is at the top of the image. Optical microscope; reflected light (oblique illumination); picture width ∼5 mm
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Image
Published: 15 December 2019
Fig. 51 Microstructure of full-annealed Cu-30%Zn etched using Klemm’s I reagent and viewed using (a) bright field, (b) oblique illumination, and (c) Nomarski DIC. Excessive relief was produced during final polishing. Magnification: 15×
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Image
Published: 01 June 2024
Fig. 19 Compression spring, fractured due to hydrogen embrittlement. (a) Photograph with large diffuse light source indicating two intergranular fisheyes (circled). The rest of the fracture is cleavage. (b) The same fracture under oblique illumination. The fracture ridges radiate from
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Image
Published: 01 June 2024
Fig. 17 A bolt that fractured due to intergranular stress-corrosion cracking. (a) Lighting is from a large light source. The intergranular fracture zone near the perimeter of the fracture is well defined. The topography is not. (b) The same fracture under oblique illumination. The color
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Image
Published: 01 December 2004
is enhanced by oblique illumination. 20×. Courtesy of G.F. Vander Voort, Buehler Ltd. Source: Ref 9
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Image
Published: 01 June 2024
Fig. 16 A fatigue fracture under (a) diffuse light from a large light source. Note that the staining of the fracture and the color of the paint at right are well rendered. The fracture topography is less obvious. (b) The same fracture under oblique illumination, small light source. The light
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Image
Published: 01 August 2013
and large precipitates visible in the micrograph). (Normally, the α″ iron-nitride precipitates are only visible by applying higher magnifications, as provided by a transmission electron microscope.) Light optical micrograph; oblique illumination, oil immersion, after etching in 0.5 vol% Nital. Source: Ref
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Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006846
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... that are topographic in nature are best illuminated with low-angle (oblique) lighting from smaller light sources. Reflective or polished surfaces require reflected light from uniformly illuminated light tents. More detail on the quality and positioning of lights is presented in the section “Fracture-Surface Features...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on the following photographic equipment: point-and-shoot cameras, digital single-reflex cameras, stand-mounted digital zoom cameras, and digital microscope cameras. It presents two principal types of optical microscopes that are appropriate for visual examination of fractured parts: the stereomicroscope and the single-light-path digital microscope. The common features present on fracture surfaces are each considered separately, both in their significance and as photographic challenges. The article also presents a short note on low-magnification scanning electron microscopy and postcapture image processing.
Image
Published: 01 August 2013
and its discussion in Section 9). Light optical micrograph of cross section; etched in 1 vol% Nital; oblique illumination, green light. Courtesy of M.A.J. Somers
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Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0001833
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
..., uniform illumination for 360 ° and generates a minimum of heat. Fig. 8 Parallel lighting. With this setup, oblique lighting comes from two directions. It may be desirable to make one fluorescent lamp the principal source and to light the shadows it casts by positioning the other lamp farther...
Abstract
This article discusses the preparation of photomacrographs of fracture surfaces. It provides useful information on the equipment used, such as view cameras, 35-mm single-lens-reflex cameras, and stereomicroscopes. The article describes the role of lenses, focusing, camera magnification, and selection of lens aperture in a microscopic system. It illustrates the lighting techniques employed in photography and highlights the use of different films. The article concludes with a list of auxiliary equipment used in fracture surface photography.
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