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Book Chapter
Computational Fluid Dynamics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002444
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... to the CFD techniques for their solution. It introduces discretization techniques that are used by finite-difference, finite-volume, finite-element, spectral, and some particle methods. Associated concepts of numerical stability and accuracy are also reviewed. The article describes two approaches for grid...
Abstract
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is reserved for computationally intensive three-dimensional simulations of thermal fluids systems where nonlinear momentum transport plays an important role. This article presents the governing equations of fluid dynamics and an introduction to the CFD techniques for their solution. It introduces discretization techniques that are used by finite-difference, finite-volume, finite-element, spectral, and some particle methods. Associated concepts of numerical stability and accuracy are also reviewed. The article describes two approaches for grid generation with complex geometries: the use of unstructured grids and the use of special differencing methods on structured grids. The article describes the four-step procedures of the CFD process: geometry acquisition, grid generation and problem specification, flow solution, and post-processing and synthesis. It provides information on the applications of the engineering CFD. Issues and directions for the engineering CFD are also described.
Book Chapter
Alloy and Temper Designation Systems for Aluminum
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003122
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... is the registrar under ANSI H35.1 with respect to the designation and composition of aluminum alloys and tempers registered in the United States. Wrought Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Designation System A four-digit numerical designation system is used to identify wrought aluminum and aluminum alloys...
Abstract
This article describes the systems for designating the aluminum and aluminum alloys that incorporate the product forms (wrought, casting or foundry ingots) and its respective temper for strain-hardened alloys, heat-treatable alloys and annealed alloys. All these systems are covered by American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard H35.1. Furthermore, the article provides a short note on the designation of unregistered tempers.
Image
Schematic of a three-section ring rolling program on a computer numerical c...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2005
Fig. 21 Schematic of a three-section ring rolling program on a computer numerical controlled ring mill. In section 1, diameter growth rate increases linearly. In section 2, diameter growth rate is constant, compatible with ring stability and machine characteristics. In section 3, diameter
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Book Chapter
Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005426
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
..., is represented by a finite set of data. This section introduces the discretization techniques used by finite-difference, finite-volume, finite-element, spectral, and some particle methods, and associated concepts of numerical stability and accuracy. The discrete equations of the finite-difference, olume...
Abstract
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a computationally intensive three-dimensional simulation of thermal fluids systems where non-linear momentum transport plays an important role. This article presents the governing equations of fluid dynamics and an introduction to the CFD techniques. It introduces some common techniques for discretizing the fluid-flow equations and methods for solving the discrete equations. These include finite-difference methods, finite-element methods, spectral methods, and computational particle methods. The article describes the approaches for grid generation with complex geometries. It discusses the four-step procedures used in the CFD process for engineering design: geometry acquisition, grid generation and problem specification, flow solution, and post-processing and synthesis. The article also provides information on the engineering applications of the CFD. It concludes with a discussion on issues and directions for engineering CFD.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005210
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... to velocity. The parameter σ* is referred to as the dendrite tip selection parameter and is a function of the anisotropy parameter, ε 4 . A functional relationship between σ* and ε 4 has been obtained numerically by Karma and Rappel ( Ref 16 ). The Ivantsov solution, along with the stability condition...
Abstract
Nonplanar microstructures form most frequently during the solidification of alloys, and play a crucial role in governing the properties of the solidified material. This article emphasizes the basic ideas, characteristic lengths, and the processing conditions required to control the columnar and equiaxed microstructures. The formation of cellular and dendritic structures in one- and two-phase structures is presented with emphasis on the effect of processing conditions and composition on the selection of microstructure and microstructure scales.
Book Chapter
Large Probes for Characterization of Industrial Quenching Processes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005789
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... the concrete workpiece. In this case, a more precise hardness prediction can be expected. Numerical Solution of the Inverse Heat-Conduction Problem This section includes discussion of the simplified 1-D temperature-distribution model, the calculation of the HTC, and the finite-volume method for the heat...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on probes for laboratory tests and resultant curves of industrial quenching processes. It describes the scope of the tests, and the calculation of heat-transfer coefficient (HTC) based on the tests. The article highlights the differences between the laboratory tests and characterization of industrial quenching processes. It reviews the importance of initial heat-flux density and first critical heat-flux density. The theoretical principle behind and the purpose of the temperature gradient method are discussed. The article provides information on the design of the probe, heat-extraction dynamics, and influence of wetting kinematics. It also includes discussions on the simplified 1-D temperature-distribution model, calculation of the HTC, and the finite-volume method for the heat-conduction equation.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005659
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
... of fibrinogen to form fibrin. There are numerous pathways for this initiation. It happens directly by surface contact, through adsorption of various proteins from the blood and replacement with high-molecular-weight kininogen in a dynamic adsorption/desorption sequence. Indirect initiation may occur, via tissue...
Abstract
This article provides a summary of the biocompatibility or biological response of metals, ceramics, and polymers used in medical implants, along with their clinical issues. The polymers include ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene, nonresorbable polymer, and resorbable polymers.
Book Chapter
Abbreviations and Acronyms: Thermal Spray Technology
Available to PurchaseBook: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005749
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... Centre d'etude et de Recherche Materiaux cfh cubic feet per hour cfm cubic feet per minute C(g) carbon in graphitic form CGA Compressed Gas Association ChamPro chamber processes CIP cold isostatic pressing cm centimeter CNC computer numerical control...
Book Chapter
Methods, Tools, and Software for Physical Process Analysis and Design
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005876
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... on the solution of Maxwell's equations (MEs) and provides some basic information regarding the heat transfer and fluid equations, because these physical phenomena usually are strongly coupled to magnetic and electric fields. The solutions are usually obtained by using specific numerical methods such as finite...
Abstract
Designing of induction heating, or, generally electro technological installations, requires mathematical modeling for solving problems related to various physical phenomena, including electromagnetic (EM), thermal, mechanical, fluidic, and metallurgical fields. This article focuses on the solution of Maxwell's equations (MEs) and provides some basic information regarding the heat transfer and fluid equations, because these physical phenomena usually are strongly coupled to magnetic and electric fields. The solutions are usually obtained by using specific numerical methods such as finite-element method, finite difference method, boundary-element method or volume-integral method, and direct-solution method. The article also discusses the typical structure of commercial codes (preprocessor, solver, and postprocessor) to solve field problems mainly in finite-element method.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Engineering Mechanics, Analysis, and Design
Available to PurchaseBook: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003376
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... analysis is the next level beyond laminate analysis. It addresses loadings and geometries that occur when the composite laminates are used in functional structure. The structural analysis topics discussed in this Volume include: Bolted and bonded joints Stability Damage tolerance Out...
Abstract
Composite materials offer amazing opportunities for delivering structures that are optimized to meet design requirements. This article provides a summary of the concepts discussed in the articles under the section “Engineering Mechanics, Analysis, and Design” in ASM Handbook, Volume 21: Composites. The section introduces many of the engineering approaches used in composite industry.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006362
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... as negative damping. Reference 4 determines a damping factor by numerically simulating the bearing response to an impulse when it is part of a dynamic system. Design of Orifice-Compensated Journal Bearings This section discusses load capacity and stiffness, friction and power loss, and stability...
Abstract
This article describes the characteristics of three types of gas bearings, such as aerostatic bearing, precision aerodynamic bearing (PAB), and compliant aerodynamic bearing (CAB). It discusses the applications for aerostatic bearings and advantages in lubricating a bearing with a compressible gas. The article also describes the different types of aerostatic bearings, such as annular thrust bearings and orifice-compensated journal bearings. It presents a discussion on load capacity and stiffness, friction and power loss, and stability and damping of the aerostatic bearings. The article provides a discussion on the types of PAB and CAB. The types include spiral groove annular thrust bearings, cylindrical journal bearings, three-sector journal bearings, tilting-pad journal bearings, and helical-grooved journal bearings. The types of CAB include foil bearings and pressurized-membrane bearings. The article concludes with a description of factors that influence materials selection for gas-lubricated bearings.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003411
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... suppliers. Machine configurations ranged from hand-assisted tabletop prototypes to the first full computer numerically controlled (CNC) gantry- style tape layer, which was developed under U.S. Air Force contract by General Dynamics and the Conrac Corporation. This machine was used to make composite parts...
Abstract
Automated tape laying is a mature process used in both commercial and military aircraft applications. This article provides a brief history of the process and describes the use of commercially available flat and contour tape-laying equipment. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the tape laying. The article describes the various components of a ten-axis gantry-type tape laying machine and the tape laying process. It provides a discussion on typical material types and forms for tape laying and provides information on design guidelines for tape laying.
Book Chapter
Abbreviations and Symbols: Casting
Available to PurchaseBook: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005348
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... casting of FG ake graphic km kilometer Fig. gure kPa kilopascal vacuum-melted alloys ksi kips (1000 lb) per square inch CMM coordinate measuring machine(s) kV kilovolt CNC computerized numerical control cpm cycles per minute cps cycles per second Abbreviations and Symbols / 1223 L liter Ref reference...
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001266
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
.... electroless gold plating plated deposits THE DEPOSITION of a metal on a given substrate can be achieved by numerous conventional methods. Electrodeposition is extensively used because it is technically convenient to operate and is cost efficient. Other techniques, such as chemical vapor deposition...
Abstract
This article focuses on the electroless gold plating technique, describing the advantages and limitations, applications, and properties of plated deposits. It also reviews process variables of the technique, including gold concentration, reducing agent, agitation, and contaminants.
Book Chapter
Potential versus pH (Pourbaix) Diagrams
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003580
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... ratio of activities of two dissolved species of the element give E -pH lines. The representation of the equilibrium pHs for acid-base reactions (independent of the potential) gives vertical lines. All those lines delimit E -pH domains of stability for the various species of the element, metal, ions...
Abstract
A potential pH diagram is a graphical representation of the relations, derived from the Nernst equation, between the pH and the equilibrium potentials (E) of the most probable electrochemical reactions occurring in a solution containing a specific element. This article describes three types of reactions for calculation and construction of E-pH diagrams: electrochemical reactions of pure charge (electron) transfer; reactions involving both electron and solvated proton transfer; and acid-base reactions of pure solvated proton transfer. It illustrates the practical use of E-pH diagrams for temperature aqueous solutions and adsorbed species and in prediction of corrosion of nickel and copper.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005209
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... build-up at the solid-liquid interface forming transients and steady state, the morphological stability/instability and perturbation theory, and rapid solidification effects, including solute trapping and oscillatory instabilities. The article presents a microstructural selection map that presents...
Abstract
One impressive example of plane front solidification (PFS) is the industrial production of large silicon single crystals, used mainly as substrates for integrated circuits. This article explores the PFS of a single phase, without taking convection into account. It discusses the solute build-up at the solid-liquid interface forming transients and steady state, the morphological stability/instability and perturbation theory, and rapid solidification effects, including solute trapping and oscillatory instabilities. The article presents a microstructural selection map that presents an overview of interface stability as a function of composition for a given alloy.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003385
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... Abstract This article focuses on the unique characteristics of composites and laminated plates, including orthotropic, anisotropic, and unsymmetric plates. It discusses the stability issues associated with practical, structural laminates based on the finite stack effects and transverse shear...
Abstract
This article focuses on the unique characteristics of composites and laminated plates, including orthotropic, anisotropic, and unsymmetric plates. It discusses the stability issues associated with practical, structural laminates based on the finite stack effects and transverse shear stiffness effects. The article presents the study of instability associated with postbuckling behavior and hygrothermal buckling in composite sandwich panels and shell panels.
Book Chapter
Avoiding Plastic Product Failure by Proper Plastic Selection and Design
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006912
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... the UV stability based on the following parameters. The UV stability rating (UV5, UV10, UV15) sets exposure conditions—a specific sequence of high-intensity UV exposure, darkness, and moisture—in weatherometers, instruments that are used for accelerated weathering experiments. The numeral refers...
Abstract
Plastic product failures are directly attributed to one of the following four reasons: omission of a critical performance requirement, improper materials specification, design error, and processing/manufacturing error. Therefore, product failures can be minimized or eliminated if all of these parameters are comprehensively examined during the design process. This article focuses on all of these factors, except processing-related failures, which are outside the design and engineering domain. It is dedicated to the identification and avoidance of common problems associated with the selection and designing of plastic parts. The article provides information on the material-related design criteria that depend on the applications, environmental conditions of use, and performance requirements. It discusses physical properties of plastics based on their relevance to real-world environmental conditions. The most-common design problems related to design considerations are also covered.
Book Chapter
Internal Casting Stresses and Dimensional Stability
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006331
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... of formation by introducing the scalar relation, known as the additive strain decomposition. The main factors influencing casting deformation are volume changes during solidification and cooling, phase transformations, alloy composition, thermal gradients, casting geometry, and mold stability. The article...
Abstract
In cast iron, residual stresses normally arise due to hindered thermal contraction, meaning that they are associated with the presence of constraints that prevent the natural, free volumetric variation of the material upon solid-state cooling. This article explains their mechanism of formation by introducing the scalar relation, known as the additive strain decomposition. The main factors influencing casting deformation are volume changes during solidification and cooling, phase transformations, alloy composition, thermal gradients, casting geometry, and mold stability. The article reviews the dimensional stability in cast iron and discusses macroscopic and microscopic stresses in cast iron.
Book Chapter
High-Temperature Applications
Available to PurchaseBook: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003476
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... in the articles “Phenolic Resins” and “Bismaleimide Resins” in this Volume. General Characteristics For a material to function as a viable matrix in a fiber-reinforced composite, the matrix must bind the constituents, transfer loads, provide environmental stability, and perhaps most important, provide...
Abstract
High-temperature-resistant polymers are used in aerospace, electronic, and other applications that demand outstanding elevated-temperature physical and mechanical properties. This article discusses the general characteristics of condensation-type polyimides and polymerization of monomer reactants (PMR) polyimides. It provides information on the applications of PMR-15 with illustrations.
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