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Cyclic deformation curves of a normalized steel containing 0.45% C at vario...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1996
Fig. 28 Cyclic deformation curves of a normalized steel containing 0.45% C at various stress amplitudes. Source: Ref 153
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Ratio (welded to unwelded) of bend angle for normalized steel plate. A high...
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in Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Plate
> Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 7 Ratio (welded to unwelded) of bend angle for normalized steel plate. A high value of the ratio indicates high weldability. Source: Ref 2
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Heat-affected zone hardness of conventional (normalized) steel and TMCP ste...
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in Low-Temperature Properties of Structural Steels
> Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys
Published: 01 January 1990
Book Chapter
Normalizing of Steel
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005783
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... Abstract Normalizing of steel is a heat treating process that is often considered from both thermal processing and microstructural standpoints. In terms of thermal processing, normalizing is defined as heating of a ferrous alloy to a suitable temperature above the transformation range...
Abstract
Normalizing of steel is a heat treating process that is often considered from both thermal processing and microstructural standpoints. In terms of thermal processing, normalizing is defined as heating of a ferrous alloy to a suitable temperature above the transformation range and then cooling it in air to a temperature substantially below the transformation range. This article provides information on the normalizing of carbon and alloy steels, and discusses the processes involved and the furnaces used in normalizing of steel forgings, bar and tubular products, and castings. It contains tables that list the typical normalizing temperatures for standard carbon and alloy steels and typical mechanical properties of selected carbon and alloy steels in hot-rolled, normalized, and annealed conditions.
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Exposure to vibratory cavitation of normalized AISI 1020 steel. (a) Damage ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 1 Exposure to vibratory cavitation of normalized AISI 1020 steel. (a) Damage after 5 min. (b) Material removal after 10 min
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Published: 01 January 1996
Fig. 7 S-N curves ( R = −1) of a normalized and tempered AISI 4140 wrought steel in the longitudinal and transverse direction and cast 4135 steel normalized and tempered. Tensile strength for wrought steel: longitudinal, 110.0 ksi (758 MPa); transverse, 110.7 ksi (763 MPa); cast steel
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Jominy hardenability of carburized carbon steel. All bars normalized at 925...
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in Calculation of Hardenability in High-Carbon Steels[1]
> Steel Heat Treating Fundamentals and Processes
Published: 01 August 2013
Fig. 3 Jominy hardenability of carburized carbon steel. All bars normalized at 925 °C (1700 °F). Core: austenitized 20 min at 925 °C (1700 °F). Case: pack carburized 9 h at 925 °C (1700 °F), direct quenched. Source: Ref 10
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1045 steel bar normalized by austenitizing at 1095 °C (2000 °F) and cooling...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2013
Fig. 2 1045 steel bar normalized by austenitizing at 1095 °C (2000 °F) and cooling in air. Structure is pearlite (gray) with a network of grain-boundary ferrite (white) and a few side plates of ferrite. Picral etch. Original magnification: 500×
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End-quench hardenability of carburized 4118 steel. Bars normalized at 925 °...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 October 2014
Fig. 21 End-quench hardenability of carburized 4118 steel. Bars normalized at 925 °C (1700 °F). Core was austenitized for 20 min at 925 °C (1700 °F). Case was pack carburized for 9 h at 925 °C (1700 °F) and direct quenched. Source: Ref 8
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Microstructure of a normalized UNS G10080 steel showing unresolved pearlite...
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in Metallography and Microstructures of Low-Carbon and Coated Steels
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 9 Microstructure of a normalized UNS G10080 steel showing unresolved pearlite islands in a ferritic matrix. 4% picral etch. 1000×
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Experimental erosion map for API X100 steel. Contours of normalized erosion...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 January 2021
Fig. 13 Experimental erosion map for API X100 steel. Contours of normalized erosion rate, E , are shown in the map. Source: Ref 27
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Creep curve of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel with nonclassical early stage. Normalized a...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2000
Fig. 3 Creep curve of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel with nonclassical early stage. Normalized and tempered to 607 MPa (88 ksi) tensile strength at room temperature. Tested at 482 °C (900 °F) at 275.8 MPa (40 ksi)
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Book Chapter
Tempering of Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005815
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... Abstract Tempering of steel is a process in which hardened or normalized steel is heated to a temperature below the lower critical temperature and cooled at a suitable rate, primarily to increase ductility, toughness, and grain size of the matrix. This article provides an overview...
Abstract
Tempering of steel is a process in which hardened or normalized steel is heated to a temperature below the lower critical temperature and cooled at a suitable rate, primarily to increase ductility, toughness, and grain size of the matrix. This article provides an overview of the variables that affect the microstructure and mechanical properties of tempered steel, namely, the tempering temperature, tempering time, carbon content, alloy content, and residual elements. Tempering after hardening is performed to relieve quenching stresses and ensure dimensional stability of steel. The article discusses the embrittlement problems associated with tempering. Four types of equipment are used for tempering, namely, convection furnaces, salt bath furnaces, oil bath equipment and molten metal baths. Special procedures for tempering are briefly reviewed.
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Normal expected linear deviation from blueprint dimensions of steel and mal...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2008
Fig. 2 Normal expected linear deviation from blueprint dimensions of steel and malleable castings made from green molding sand. Source: Ref 1
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ASTM A27 steel, grade 70-36 (0.26 C, 0.71 Mn), 150 mm (6 in.) thick, normal...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2013
Fig. 3 ASTM A27 steel, grade 70-36 (0.26 C, 0.71 Mn), 150 mm (6 in.) thick, normalized by austenitizing at 900 °C (1650 °F) for 6 h and air cooling. The microstructure consists of lamellar pearlite (gray and black) and ferrite (white). Nital etch. Original magnification: 250×
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Carbide appearance with nital and picral etchants. (a) 9310 steel normalize...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2004
Fig. 7 Carbide appearance with nital and picral etchants. (a) 9310 steel normalized by austenitizing 2 h at 885 °C (1625 °F) and cooled slowly in the furnace. Structure consists of scattered carbide particles (dark) in a ferrite matrix (light). 3% nital etch. 500×. (b) Same steel
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Published: 31 December 2017
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Sensitization of austenitic stainless steel. (a) Normal distribution of car...
Available to Purchase
in Problems Associated with Heat Treated Parts
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 24 Sensitization of austenitic stainless steel. (a) Normal distribution of carbides. Original magnification: 100×. (b) Sensitized as carbides precipitated in grain boundaries on cooling from 1040 °C (1900 °F)
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Nelson diagram. 1, The limits described by these curves are based on actual...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1993
by these curves are based on experience with cast steel as well as annealed and normalized steels at stress levels defined by the ASME code, section VIII, division I. Lines represent the upper limit of conditions for acceptable use of the alloy steel. Source: Ref 3
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Impact transition curves as a function of carbon content in normalized stee...
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in Microstructures, Processing, and Properties of Steels[1]
> Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 25 Impact transition curves as a function of carbon content in normalized steels. Increase in ductile-to-brittle transition temperatures with increasing carbon content is due to increasing amounts of pearlite. Source: Ref 1
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