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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001104
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
.... This article discusses the manufacture, microstructure, composition, classifications, and physical and mechanical properties of cemented carbides, as well as their machining and nonmachining applications. It examines the relationship between the workpiece material, cutting tool and operational parameters...
Abstract
Cemented carbides belong to a class of hard, wear-resistant, refractory materials in which the hard carbide particles are bound together, or cemented, by a soft and ductile metal binder. The performance of cemented carbide as a cutting tool lies between that of tool steel and cermets. Almost 50% of the total production of cemented carbides is used for nonmetal cutting applications. Their properties also make them appropriate materials for structural components, including plungers, boring bars, powder compacting dies and punches, high-pressure dies and punches, and pulverizing hammers. This article discusses the manufacture, microstructure, composition, classifications, and physical and mechanical properties of cemented carbides, as well as their machining and nonmachining applications. It examines the relationship between the workpiece material, cutting tool and operational parameters, and provides suggestions to simplify the choice of cutting tool for a given machining application. It also examines new tool geometries, tailored substrates, and the application of thin, hard coatings to cemented carbides by chemical vapor deposition and physical vapor deposition. It discusses the tool wear mechanisms and the methods available for holding the carbide tool. The article is limited to tungsten carbide cobalt-base materials.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006418
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... methods used in the production of cemented carbides, the physical and mechanical properties of carbides, and wear mechanisms encountered in service. Emphasis is placed on tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC-Co) or tungsten carbide-nickel (WC-Ni) materials as used in nonmachining applications. Nominal composition...
Abstract
Cemented carbides, best known for their superior wear resistance, have a range of industrial uses more diverse than that of any other powder metallurgy product including metalworking and mining tools and wear-resistant components. This article discusses raw materials and manufacturing methods used in the production of cemented carbides, the physical and mechanical properties of carbides, and wear mechanisms encountered in service. Emphasis is placed on tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC-Co) or tungsten carbide-nickel (WC-Ni) materials as used in nonmachining applications. Nominal composition and properties of representative cemented carbide grades and their applications are listed in a table.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003152
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... mechanical properties nonmachining applications CEMENTED CARBIDES belong to a class of hard, wear-resistant, refractory materials in which the hard carbide particles are bound together, or cemented, by a ductile metal binder (usually cobalt, but nickel is sometimes used for improved corrosion...
Abstract
Cemented carbides belong to a class of hard, wear-resistant, refractory materials in which the hard carbide particles are bound together, or cemented, by a ductile metal binder. Cermet refers to a composite of a ceramic material with a metallic binder. This article discusses the manufacture, composition, classifications, and physical and mechanical properties of cemented carbides. It describes the application of hard coatings to cemented carbides by physical or chemical vapor deposition (PVD or CVD). Tungsten carbide-cobalt alloys, submicron tungsten carbide-cobalt alloys, and alloys containing tungsten carbide, titanium carbide, and cobalt are used for machining applications. The article also provides an overview of cermets used in machining applications.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003811
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... steels, the subject of this article, are considered resistant only to very mild corrosives, while the various high-alloy grades are applicable for varying situations from mild to severe services, depending on the particular conditions involved. For design and materials selection, the specific rate...
Abstract
This article, primarily focusing on atmospheric corrosion of carbon and low-alloy steels, describes the factors that must be considered by alloy casting users in material selection. It presents compositions of cast steels tested in atmospheric corrosion in a tabular form. The article graphically presents the results of a research program that compared the corrosion resistance of nine cast steels in marine and industrial atmospheres. It provides a comparison of corrosion rates of cast steels, malleable cast iron, and wrought steel after three years of exposure in two atmospheres. Conclusions drawn from these tests are also presented.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006140
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... timeframe with the application of computer based modeling and simulation of the HIP process for the complex net and near net shape technology by LNT (Laboratory of New Technologies). This enhanced technology has been used for the past ten years by Synertech PM (founded in 2000) who have produced titanium...
Abstract
Prealloyed (PA) powder metallurgy is a technique where complex near-net shape titanium aircraft components are fabricated with low buy-to-fly ratios. This article describes the physical principle, mechanism, and simulation and modeling of metal can and hot isostatic pressing (HIP) processes involved in the PA powder metallurgy technique. It discusses the technical problems addressed in shape control and their solutions for understanding the advantages of powder metallurgy HIP.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006327
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
...), graphite clusters, exploded graphite, slag inclusions, shrinkage porosity, eutectic chill and secondary carbides, and cold shuts. The article reviews the tensile, fatigue, impact, and wear properties of TWDI castings. It provides information on the production and applications of TWDI castings...
Abstract
From the point of view of economics and ecology, thin-wall ductile iron (TWDI) castings can compete in terms of mechanical properties with the light castings made of aluminum alloys. This article discusses the effect of technological factors on the cooling rate and physicochemical state of the liquid metal for preparing thin-wall castings with good mechanical properties and performance while avoiding casting defects. It describes a variety of defects that may appear during the production of TWDI castings, such as casting skin anomalies (e.g., flake graphite, graphite segregation), graphite clusters, exploded graphite, slag inclusions, shrinkage porosity, eutectic chill and secondary carbides, and cold shuts. The article reviews the tensile, fatigue, impact, and wear properties of TWDI castings. It provides information on the production and applications of TWDI castings.
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003838
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
...-purpose machining C-7 Finishing C-8 Precision finishing Nonmachining applications C-9 Wear surface, no shock C-10 Wear surface, light shock C-11 Wear surface, heavy shock C-12 Impact, light C-13 Impact, medium C-14 Impact, heavy The reason for the multiple...
Abstract
Cemented carbides are extremely important in corrosion conditions in which high hardness, wear resistance, or abrasion resistance is required. This article describes the effect of binder composition and carbide addition on corrosion behavior of cemented carbides. It lists the examples of their uses in corrosion applications. The article provides information on the selection of cemented carbides for corrosion applications and tabulates the corrosion resistance of cemented carbides in various media. It expounds the oxidation resistance of cemented carbides and presents some tips to improve the properties of tungsten carbide cutting tools. The article also details the coating materials and coating processes of cemented carbides.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006994
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
.... The determination of the objective function for metal AM is based on the material, geometry, and demanded microstructure. The goal is to identify a robust design optimization under uncertainty for the microstructure. A hurdle for the broad application of AM techniques is the variation in the quality...
Abstract
Process optimization is the discipline of adjusting a process to optimize a specified set of parameters without violating engineering constraints. This article reviews data-driven optimization methods based on genetic algorithms and stochastic models and demonstrates their use in powder-bed fusion and directed energy deposition processes. In the latter case, closed-loop feedback is used to control melt pool temperature and cooling rate in order to achieve desired microstructure.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002441
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
.... The article provides information on the applications of CAD systems, including integrated product development, drafting and product documentation, product visualization, mechanical analysis, and numerical control programming. algebraic constraints attribute constraints computer-aided design computer...
Abstract
Modern, solids-based computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems provide a good share of what is needed for companies to develop products using modern methods. This article provides a brief history and an overview of CAD technology. Form features combined with constraint parameters have greatly simplified how designers work with solid modelers to design parts and assemblies. The article describes four types of constraints: numeric, geometric, algebraic, and attributes. It presents a discussion on data associativity and assembly design used in CAD system. The article provides information on the applications of CAD systems, including integrated product development, drafting and product documentation, product visualization, mechanical analysis, and numerical control programming.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003810
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... application in environments that demand good corrosion resistance, such as in water, soils, acids, alkalis, saline solutions, organic compounds, sulfur compounds, and liquid metals. Basic Metallurgy of Cast Irons The metallurgy of cast irons is similar to that of steels except that sufficient silicon...
Abstract
This article discusses the five basic matrix structures in cast irons: ferrite, pearlite, bainite, martensite, and austenite. The alloying elements, used to enhance the corrosion resistance of cast irons, including silicon, nickel, chromium, copper, molybdenum, vanadium, and titanium, are reviewed. The article provides information on classes of the cast irons based on corrosion resistance. It describes the various forms of corrosion in cast irons, including graphitic corrosion, fretting corrosion, pitting and crevice corrosion, intergranular attack, erosion-corrosion, microbiologically induced corrosion, and stress-corrosion cracking. The cast irons suitable for the common corrosive environments are also discussed. The article reviews the coatings used on cast irons to enhance corrosion resistance, such as metallic, organic, conversion, and enamel coatings. It explains the basic parameters to be considered before selecting the cast irons for corrosion services.
Book Chapter
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002172
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... with information on the applications of high-speed machining. aluminum alloys analytical modeling continuum mechanics cutting tools high-speed machining steel superalloys titanium alloys HIGH-SPEED MACHINING is a relative term from a materials viewpoint because of the vastly different speeds...
Abstract
This article discusses the mechanics of chip formation and reviews the analytical modeling of the chip formation process by high-speed machining within the framework of continuum mechanics. It examines the relationship between the various high-speed machining parameters. The article describes the cutting tool systems for aluminum alloys, steel, superalloys, and titanium alloys and provides an overview of the alternative cutting tool geometries for increasing tool life. It highlights the factors considered by companies planning to employ high-speed machining systems and concludes with information on the applications of high-speed machining.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003005
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... materials, including ferrous alloys, nonferrous alloys, ceramics, cermets and cemented carbides, engineering plastics, polymer-matrix composites, metal-matrix composites, ceramic-matrix and carbon-carbon composites, and reviews their general property characteristics and applications. It describes...
Abstract
The selection of engineered materials is an integrated process that requires an understanding of the interaction between materials properties, manufacturing characteristics, design considerations, and the total life cycle of the product. This article classifies various engineered materials, including ferrous alloys, nonferrous alloys, ceramics, cermets and cemented carbides, engineering plastics, polymer-matrix composites, metal-matrix composites, ceramic-matrix and carbon-carbon composites, and reviews their general property characteristics and applications. It describes the synergy between the elements of the materials selection process and presents a general comparison of material properties. Finally, the article provides a short note on computer aided materials selection systems, which help in proper archiving of materials selection decisions for future reference.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006977
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
... thermal history of the build. For most engineering materials (e.g., Ti-6Al-4V, stainless steels, and nickels), the primary process structure concern is porosity. Yoder et al. focused on investigating the effects of nonmachine settings, such as melt order and nested geometries, on the distribution...
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) process modalities offer access to rich sets of structures for metallic materials that are otherwise difficult to obtain through a single conventional manufacturing process for bulk-scale materials. This article presents the primary aim of understanding the linkage between the process and structure in AM, which is typically focused on the correlation of machine process settings to defects such as material porosity and cracking. It also presents the development of scan strategies for site-specific microstructure control and discusses factors influencing process-structure relationships in fusion metals AM.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.9781627084390
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0