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non-ferrous metals
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Published: 30 November 2018
Fig. 16 Filling simulations performed using ProCast software. Courtesy of General Research Institute for Non-Ferrous Metals (GRINM), Beijing, China
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Published: 30 November 2018
Fig. 12 Partial filling of a turbocharger impeller die, showing the highly viscous nature of the flow. (a) Filling the runner. (b) Filling of the turbocharger cavity. Courtesy of General Research Institute for Non-Ferrous Metals (GRINM), Beijing, China
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005983
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... Ferrous Metals Reduction & Sintering … X X … 1800–2050 (982–1121) Endogas High Carbon & Alloy Ferrous Metals Reduction & Sintering … X … … 1800–2050 (982–1121) Endogas Ammogas Non–Ferrous Metals Reduction & Sintering … X … … 1400–1800 (760–982) Endogas Ammogas...
Abstract
This article describes the effects of furnace atmospheric elements on steels. These elements are air, water vapor, molecular nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide. The article provides useful information on six groups of commercially important prepared atmospheres classified by the American Gas Association on the basis of method of preparation or on the original constituents employed. These groups are designated and defined as follows: Class 100, exothermic base; Class 200, prepared nitrogen base; Class 300, endothermic base; Class 400, charcoal base; Class 500, exothermic-endothermic base; and Class 600, ammonia base. These are subclassified and numerically designated to indicate variations in the method by which they are prepared. The article also contains a table that lists significant furnace atmospheres and their typical applications.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003804
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... Abstract Ferrous metals are metals that contain primarily iron and may have small amounts of other elements added to give the desired properties. This article discuses the characteristics of steel products used in most industries, including construction, automotive, energy, shipping...
Abstract
Ferrous metals are metals that contain primarily iron and may have small amounts of other elements added to give the desired properties. This article discuses the characteristics of steel products used in most industries, including construction, automotive, energy, shipping, and agriculture. These products include bars, rods, wires, hot and cold rolled sheets, strip plates, tin mill products, steel tubes, castings, and forgings. The article also provides information on the methods used to prevent or control the rusting of ferrous materials, namely, alloying, coating, and covering.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003730
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... structures from solid-state transformations are covered in subsequent articles on: Precipitation structures Spinodal decomposition Ordered structures Eutectoid structures Massive transformation Martensitic structures (ferrous, non-ferrous, shape memory) Bainitic structures...
Abstract
This introductory article provides basic information on the various aspects of solid-state transformation: multiphase microstructures, substructures, and crystallography, which assist in characterizing the morphology of phase transformations. It contains a flowchart that illustrating the classification of transformations by growth processes.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006498
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... the highly viscous nature of the flow. (a) Filling the runner. (b) Filling of the turbocharger cavity. Courtesy of General Research Institute for Non-Ferrous Metals (GRINM), Beijing, China Low-Solid-Fraction Rheocasting Low-solid-fraction rheocasting processes typically use slurries containing...
Abstract
Semisolid casting is a near-net shape manufacturing process capable of producing thick- and thin-walled complex-shaped components having excellent mechanical and functional performance. This article begins with a discussion on the history of semisolid processing and the advantages claimed for semisolid casting. It describes the four notable processes used to produce semisolid castings: thixocasting, rheocasting, thixomolding, and wrought processes. Most commercial aluminum semisolid casters use either thixocasting or rheocasting. The article discusses the die design, process conditions, and simulation for semisolid casting. It concludes with a review of several components produced by each of the various semisolid casting processes.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001227
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... of this article; additional information is available in the Section “Surface Engineering of Non-ferrous Metals” in this Volume. Mineral Acid Cleaning of Iron and Steel Cleaner Composition A variety of mineral acids and solutions of acid salts can be used, either with or without surfactants (wetting...
Abstract
This article focuses on the mineral and organic acid cleaning of iron and steel. It begins with a discussion on the application methods, process selection criteria, solution composition, equipment used, and control of process variables in mineral acid cleaning. The article then describes the advantages and disadvantages of organic acid cleaning. Applications, including boiler cleaning, stainless steel cleaning, and removal of iron- and copper-bearing deposits, are discussed. The article concludes with an overview of acid cleaning of nonferrous alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003739
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
.... , Metall. Trans. A , Vol 10 , 1979 , p 895 – 907 10.1007/BF02658309 14. Hehemann R.F. , Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Bainitic Structures , Metallography, Structures, and Phase Diagrams , 8th ed. , American Society for Metals , 1973 , p 194 – 196 15. Bhadeshia H.K.D.H...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on the transformations of various categories of bainite in ferrous systems. These include upper bainite, lower bainite, inverse bainite, granular bainite, and columnar bainite. The article also provides information on the bainite transformations in nonferrous systems.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006024
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... to the surface and cannot tolerate a peened surface texture. However, most liquid-applied coatings adhere sufficiently to both angular and rounded surface profile patterns. The SSPC abrasive specification No. 3 (SSPC-AB 3), “Ferrous Metallic Abrasive,” defines the requirements for steel abrasives used for blast...
Abstract
This article reviews the steps involved in presurface-preparation inspection: substrate replacement; removal of weld spatter, rounding of sharp edges, and grinding of slivers/laminations; and removal of rust scale, grease, oil, and chemical (soluble salt) contamination. It focuses on surface preparation methods that range from simple solvent cleaning to hand and power tool cleaning, dry and wet abrasive blast cleaning, centrifugal wheel blast cleaning, chemical stripping, and waterjetting for the application of the coating system. In addition, the article provides a description of the Society for Protective Coatings' (SSPC) standards and NACE International standards as well as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and International Concrete Repair Institute (ICRI) guidelines for surface cleanliness.
Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005306
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... Abstract This article reviews the melt processing and casting of non-ferrous alloys, such as nickel alloys, titanium alloys, and lead alloys. It describes the lead refining steps, namely, copper drossing, softening, desilvering, zinc removal, bismuth removal, and final refining. casting...
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... … Specification for Powder Metallurgy (PM) Boron Stainless Steel Structural Components … B853 … Specification for Metal Injection Molded (MIM) Ferrous Materials 35 B883 22068 Specification for Powder Metallurgy (PM) Titanium and Titanium Alloy Structural Components … B988 … Specification...
Abstract
The organizations that are most active in the development of standards for powder metallurgy (PM) are the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Metal Powder Industries Federation (MPIF), and International Standards Organization (ISO). This article presents the test method standards, materials standards, and material designation codes for PM materials. It provides information on the codes for structural parts, PM soft magnetic materials, PM self-lubricating bearings, metal injection molded materials, and powder forged materials.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001268
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... Abstract Mechanical plating is a method for coating ferrous metals, copper alloys, lead, stainless steel, and certain types of castings by tumbling the parts in a mixture of glass beads, metallic dust or powder, promoter or accelerator chemicals, and water. It offers a straightforward...
Abstract
Mechanical plating is a method for coating ferrous metals, copper alloys, lead, stainless steel, and certain types of castings by tumbling the parts in a mixture of glass beads, metallic dust or powder, promoter or accelerator chemicals, and water. It offers a straightforward alternative method for achieving desired mechanical and galvanic properties with an extremely low risk of hydrogen embrittlement. This article provides a detailed description of the equipment, process steps, process capabilities, applicable parts, specific characteristics, advantages, limitations, post treatments, and waste treatment of mechanical plating.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002467
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
...., Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM International, 1994, 1169 pp (P) J.E. Bringas, Ed., Vol 2, The Metals Red Book, Non-ferrous Metals, Casti Publishing, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 1993, 600 pp (D/C) Copper Development Association Inc., 260 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016. Tel...
Abstract
This article examines material property data and the information needs at various points in the design, manufacture, and use cycle. It contains a table that lists the various sources of materials data. The article describes locating media for sources of data such as suppliers of databases and internet. It discusses the types of sources of data, including computer readable media, data centers, and print media. The article also reviews the methods for evaluation and interpretation of data and examines the processes of obtaining and reporting test data.
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0007027
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... Abstract This article focuses on the fractography features of the conventional powdered metal (PM) process for ferrous powders. It discusses porosity, which is one of the inherent features present in components produced by conventional press-and-sinter processes, and green cracks, which...
Abstract
This article focuses on the fractography features of the conventional powdered metal (PM) process for ferrous powders. It discusses porosity, which is one of the inherent features present in components produced by conventional press-and-sinter processes, and green cracks, which are the most common fracture issue in conventional PM processes. It explains the effect of post-sintering operations. The article also presents the common ferrous powder metallurgy materials.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006059
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... copper copper alloys corrosion control ductile iron ferrous metals localized corrosion microbiologically influenced corrosion municipal wastewater systems protective coatings reinforced concrete pipes wastewater treatment THE PURPOSE OF THIS ARTICLE is to acquaint the reader with useful...
Abstract
This article provides information on the municipal wastewater system components such as piping, pump stations, headworks, clarifiers, aeration structures, digesters, biosolids dewatering equipment, and sludge stabilization. It explains the major corrosion damage mechanisms to which those component parts of the system are exposed. It presents useful guidelines for selecting and using protective coatings in municipal sewerage collection systems and water reclamation facilities in wastewater treatment plants. The article includes annotated flow diagrams of a wastewater collection system, wastewater treatment plants, and spreadsheets listing the most widely used generic coating systems by structure and substrate material. It concludes with a section on quality watchouts when selecting or using protective coatings in municipal wastewater systems.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003105
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... corrosion rate, because it increases the conductivity of the solution and thus increases corrosion currents. Galvanic cells can be set up by placing iron or steel in an aqueous solution while the ferrous metal is in electrical contact with another metal whose galvanic potential is more noble (more...
Abstract
Corrosion of metals is defined as deterioration caused by chemical or electrochemical reaction of the metal with its environment. This article provides information on corrosion of iron and steel by aqueous and nonaqueous media. It discusses the corrosive environments of carbon and alloy steels, namely atmospheric corrosion, soil corrosion, corrosion in fresh water and seawater. The article describes the corrosion process in concrete, which tends to create conditions that increase the rate of attack. The focus is on the stress-corrosion cracking of steels; an environmentally induced crack propagation that results from the combined interaction of mechanical stress and corrosion reactions. The article tabulates a guide on corrosion prevention for carbon steels in various environments. It also discusses protection methods of steel from corrosion, including coatings, such as temporary protection, cleaning, hot dip coating, electroplating, thermal spray coatings, conversion coatings, thin organic coatings, and inhibitors.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003162
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
.... For extremely hostile environments, some non-ferrous tungsten carbide products (cobalt- and nickel-base products in the form of bare cast rods) are available. Also, several alternative composite materials, utilizing other carbides (for example, vanadium, titanium, or niobium), are available that have...
Abstract
Hardfacing is defined as the application of a wear-resistant material, in depth, to the vulnerable surfaces of a component by a weld overlay or thermal spray process Hardfacing materials include a wide variety of alloys, carbides, and combinations of these materials. Iron-base hardfacing alloys can be divided into pearlitic steels, austenitic (manganese) steels, martensitic steels, high-alloy irons, and austenitic stainless steel. The types of nonferrous hardfacing alloys include cobalt-base/carbide-type alloys, laves phase alloys, nickel-base/boride-type alloys, and bronze type alloys. Hardfacing applications for wear control vary widely, ranging from very severe abrasive wear service, such as rock crushing and pulverizing to applications to minimize metal-to-metal wear. This article discusses the types of hardfacing alloys, namely iron-base alloys, nonferrous alloys, and tungsten carbides, and their applications and advantages.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001044
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... mechanical properties. cold re-pressing ferrous powder metallurgy materials heat treatment infiltration powder compacting powder forging powder preparation secondary operations sintering POWDER METALLURGY (P/M) in its simplest form consists of compressing metal powders in a shaped die...
Abstract
Certain metal products can be produced only by powder metallurgy; among these products are materials whose porosity is controlled. Successful production by powder metallurgy depends on the proper selection and control of process variables: powder characteristics; powder preparation; type of compacting press; design of compacting tools and dies; type of sintering furnace; composition of the sintering atmosphere; choice of production cycle, including sintering time and temperature; and secondary operations and heat treatment. When the application of a powder metallurgy part requires high levels of strength, toughness, or hardness, the mechanical properties can be improved or modified by infiltration, heat treatment, or a secondary mechanical forming operation such as cold re-pressing or powder forging. The article also discusses the effect of the secondary processes on P/M mechanical properties.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003736
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... ceases when the material reaches a martensite finish (M f ) temperature. The M s and M f temperatures depend on the alloying of the metal. In general, martensitic transformation can occur in many types of metallic and non-metallic crystals, minerals, and compounds ( Ref 1 ), if the cooling...
Abstract
Martensite is a metastable structure that forms during athermal (nonisothermal) conditions. This article reviews the crystallographic theory, morphologies, orientation relationships, habit plane, and transformation temperature of ferrous martensite microstructures. It examines the stages of the tempering process involved in ferrous martensite. The article also describes the formation of the martensite structure in nonferrous systems. It concludes with a discussion on shape memory alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005596
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... to provide a baseline for initial development of a welding parameter set. Common material family classes, including steels, nonferrous metals, and dissimilar metals, are discussed. direct-drive rotary friction welding dissimilar metals inertia friction welding non-ferrous metals steels tooling...
Abstract
This article provides information on the practice considerations for the inertia and direct-drive rotary friction welding processes. It presents the tooling and welding parameter designs of these processes. The article discusses the welding of different material family classes to provide a baseline for initial development of a welding parameter set. Common material family classes, including steels, nonferrous metals, and dissimilar metals, are discussed.
1