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nanocomposites
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Image
Published: 31 December 2017
Fig. 32 Comparison between aluminum matrix micro- and nanocomposites reinforced by 15 vol% Al 2 O 3 . COF, coefficient of friction. Source: Ref 248
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Image
in Friction and Wear of Aluminum Alloys and Composites[1]
> Properties and Selection of Aluminum Alloys
Published: 15 June 2019
Fig. 24 Comparison between aluminum-matrix micro- and nanocomposites reinforced by 15 vol% Al 2 O 3 . COF, coefficient of friction. Source: Ref 198
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Image
in Additively Manufactured Biomedical Energy Harvesters
> Additive Manufacturing in Biomedical Applications
Published: 12 September 2022
Fig. 8 Piezoresistive sensor fabrication and 3D printing of nanocomposite ink. DCM, dichloromethane; FSE, flexible/stretchable element. Source: Ref 121 . Creative Commons License (CC BY 4.0), https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005227
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... and melt infiltration, used in the synthesis of MMCs. The article also considers the fundamentals of the process and presents a computational modeling of particle/solidification front interactions in metal-ceramic systems. The article concludes with information on nanocomposites. casting melt...
Abstract
This article discusses the solidification of a matrix alloy in cast metal matrix composites (MMCs). It begins with a discussion on the mixing techniques in reinforcement incorporation and wettability of reinforcement. It describes the solidification processes, such as stir mixing and melt infiltration, used in the synthesis of MMCs. The article also considers the fundamentals of the process and presents a computational modeling of particle/solidification front interactions in metal-ceramic systems. The article concludes with information on nanocomposites.
Image
Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 7 Transmission electron micrograph of A206/2vol%Al 2 O 3 (47 nm) nanocomposite produced by the authors at the University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee
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Image
Published: 31 December 2017
Fig. 33 Effect of carbon nanotube (CNT) volume fraction on coefficient of friction (COF) and wear loss of aluminum/CNT nanocomposites. Adapted from Ref 251
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Image
in Friction and Wear of Aluminum Alloys and Composites[1]
> Properties and Selection of Aluminum Alloys
Published: 15 June 2019
Fig. 25 Effect of carbon nanotube (CNT) volume fraction on coefficient of friction (COF) and wear loss of aluminum/CNT nanocomposites. Adapted from Ref 201
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Image
Published: 31 December 2017
Fig. 34 TEM images of (a) Al 2 O 3 -Fe thin films and (b) Al 2 O 3 -Ni multilayer nanocomposite thin films (8% metal volume fraction) deposited at 500 °C (930 °F) using pulsed laser deposition. Al 2 O 3 layers deposited on Fe nanoparticles are polycrystalline compared with the amorphous layer
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in Transition Metal Dichalcogenide-Based (MoS2, WS2) Coatings
> Friction, Lubrication, and Wear Technology
Published: 31 December 2017
) Evaluation of Oxygen Interactions with Materials-3 (EOIM-3) experiment. Source: Ref 53 . Planar SEM images of (c) pure sputtered MoS 2 coating and (d) co-sputtered nanocomposite MoS 2 /Sb 2 O 3 /Au coating. Source: Ref 6
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006373
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... nanocomposites—that is, a polymer matrix filled with the particles less than 100 nm in size—have become more and more common ( Ref 6 ). The nanofillers in polymer composites include carbon materials (fullerene and its derivatives), layered clay minerals, and nanoparticles of metals or their organic and inorganic...
Abstract
Polymers and polymer composites have become attractive for tribological applications due to their specific material properties. This article begins by discussing the fundamentals of polymer friction and wear. It summarizes the main polymer materials used in tribological applications. The article explains the effects of load, sliding velocity, and temperature on the friction coefficient. It describes three types of wear modes, namely, abrasive, adhesion, and fatigue. The article discusses the frictional behavior of polymer composites and polymer coatings. It concludes by providing information on tribotesting of polymers and polymer composites.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006939
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... The conjugated skeleton of the CNT makes it easier to functionalize their surface with compatible functional groups for enhanced polymer-filler interactions in nanocomposites ( Ref 25 – 27 ). Figure 4 shows a transmission electron microscopy image of carbon nanotubes. Fig. 4 Transmission electron...
Abstract
Polymer materials are key building blocks of the modern world, commonly used in packaging, automobiles, building materials, electronics, telecommunications, and many other industries. These commercial applications of polymeric materials would not be possible without the use of additives. This article is divided into five sections: mechanical property modifiers, physical property modifiers, biological function modifiers, processing aids, and colorants. It describes three classes of additives that are used to inhibit biological activity, six classes of mechanical property modifiers, three classes of physical property modifiers, and two classes of both colorants and processing aids.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006012
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... nm range. A nanocomposite can be defined as a material formed by dispersing or otherwise incorporating nanomaterials into a polymer matrix. Nanomaterials Nanomaterials are being used in more than 500 consumer products, and the number is expected to grow. By 2015, it is estimated that consumer...
Abstract
Nanotechnology and smart-coating technologies have been reported to show great promise for improved performance in critical areas such as corrosion resistance, durability, and conductivity. This article exemplifies nanofilms and nanomaterials used in coatings applications, including carbon nanotubes, silica, metals/metal oxides, ceramics, clays, buckyballs, graphene, polymers, titanium dioxide, and waxes. These can be produced by a variety of methods, including chemical vapor deposition, plasma arcing, electrodeposition, sol-gel synthesis, and ball milling. The application of nanotechnology and the development of smart coatings have been dependent largely on the availability of analytical and imaging techniques such as Raman spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning tunneling microscopy.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006369
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... are characterized as nanocomposites that consist of nanometer-sized precipitates of metal carbides in mostly amorphous carbon (MC/a-C) or hydrocarbon matrices (MC/a-C:H) ( Ref 29 , 30 , 31 ). Recent investigations have revealed that there is also free metal present in the hydrocarbon matrix ( Ref 32...
Abstract
Strategies for the lubrication of mechanical systems operating in extreme environments must exclude the liquid lubricants and greases and rely on alternative methods of lubrication, such as gases and solids. This article provides a survey of some of the more effective alternative methods of lubrication. It provides a discussion on the solid materials that have been most commonly used as lubricants: carbon-base materials, transition metal dichalcogenides, polymers, and soft metals.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006367
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... ). They discuss, in particular, abrasive wear, fatigue wear, and adhesion wear, the last one involving transfer of material from one surface to another. Polymer-based composites and nanocomposites (filler particle size of 100 nm or less) containing graphite have several advantages ( Ref 20 ). Such composites...
Abstract
This article discusses the importance of friction and wear and the role of lubricants in composites. It highlights the progress and developments in using different forms of carbon allotropes in composites for improved friction and wear performance of materials. The article focuses on the widely used form known as carbon black (CB) and shows how to deal with friction and wear of polymers and composites when gamma irradiation is involved. It also discusses the role of graphite in composite materials, which is widely used as a dry lubricant. The article examines the tribology of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as components in composite materials. It also highlights some of the most pronounced examples of graphene use as a reinforcement agent for improving tribological performance in composite matrices. The article concludes with a discussion on the progress of research in diamond-containing composites.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006434
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... chemical components. Metal-doped DLC coatings are receiving attention due to interesting tribological and thermal properties imparted by dopants. In particular, Dorfman ( Ref 49 ) reported on a Si-doped DLC film known as diamond-like nanocomposite (DLN) film consisting of a hydrogenated amorphous...
Abstract
Solid lubricants consist of materials placed at the interface between moving bodies to mitigate friction and wear. This article begins with a historical overview of solid lubricants and discuses the characteristics and fundamental aspects of solid lubricants. It describes the material categories of solid lubricant coatings, including graphite, graphite fluoride, transition metal dichalcogenides, diamond-like-carbon, polymeric materials, and metallic films. The article presents a description of deposition methods from the simplest processes involving burnishing and impingement in open air to modern vacuum-based methods for solid lubricants. It concludes with a discussion on metrics that can be used to qualify solid lubricants in high-consequence applications.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02b.a0006551
EISBN: 978-1-62708-210-5
Abstract
Aluminum alloys are widely used in engineered components because of their excellent strength-to-weight ratio. Their use in applications requiring wear resistance is more limited. One of the main limitations of aluminum alloys is the poor tribological behavior mainly due to their relatively low hardness, which favors large plastic deformation under sliding conditions. This article discusses the classes and mechanisms of wear in aluminum-silicon alloys, aluminum-tin bearing alloys, and aluminum-matrix composites; describes the effect of material-related parameters on wear behavior of these alloys; and reviews their applications in a variety of tribological applications in the automotive industry ranging from aluminum-tin alloys for plain bearings to alloys with hard anodizing for machine elements. Methods to improve wear resistance and alloy hardness are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 12 September 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23A.a0006904
EISBN: 978-1-62708-392-8
... the limitations of conventional bioink formulations, various strategies have been employed to reinforce bioinks, including polymer functionalization, supramolecularly reinforced hydrogels, interpenetrating networks, nanocomposites, and thermoplastic reinforcement ( Fig. 6 ). Fig. 6 Overview of bioink...
Abstract
The field of bioprinting is a subset of additive manufacturing (AM) that is rapidly expanding to meet the needs of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Bioprinting encompasses a broad spectrum of issues, from cell expansion and novel bioink development to cell/stem cell printing, from organoid-based tissue organization to bioprinting of human-scale tissue structures, and from building cell/tissue/organ-on-a-chip to biomanufacturing of multicellular engineered living systems. This article focuses on two challenges regarding bioprinting: bioinks and crosslinking. It describes the methods for characterizing the performance of bioink formulations and the effectiveness of crosslinking strategies. The topics covered include modalities of bioprinting, characteristics of bioink, rheological properties of bioink sols, rheological measurements, mathematical models of bioink rheology, postfabrication polymer network mechanics, mechanical properties of crosslinked bioinks, and printability of bioinks. Finally, specific strategies used for crosslinking bioinks, as well as some emerging strategies to further improve bioinks and their crosslinking, are summarized.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006388
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... to traditional aluminum alloys. Aiming to further enhance the specific strength of aluminum-base composites and to maintain good levels of both ductility and machinability, nanosized particles have been proposed as the reinforcing phase ( Ref 62 ). Comparative studies showed that aluminum-base nanocomposites...
Abstract
This article begins by describing the designations of cast and wrought aluminum alloys. It explains the effects of main alloying elements in aluminum alloys: boron, chromium, copper, iron, lithium, magnesium, manganese, nickel, phosphorus, silicon, sodium, strontium, titanium, and zinc. The article describes the microstructure of cast and wrought aluminum alloys and the various strengthening mechanisms, including solid solution, grain refinement, strain or work hardening, precipitation (or age) hardening, and dispersoid strengthening. The article explicates the tribological behavior of aluminum alloys, aluminum-base composites, and metal-matrix composites. It presents the effect of material-related parameters and external factors on wear behavior and transitions of aluminum-silicon alloys. The article also presents the most important factors affecting the dry sliding wear behavior of particle-reinforced aluminum-base composites against a steel counterface.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006911
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
Abstract
Tribology is the study of contacting materials in relative motion and more specifically the study of friction, wear, and lubrication. This article discusses the classification and the mechanisms of friction, wear, and lubrication of polymers. It describes the tribological applications of polymers and the tribometers and instrumentation used to measure the tribological properties of polymers. The article discusses the processes involved in calculating the wear rate of polymers and the methods of characterization of the sliding interface. It provides information on the pressure and velocity limit of polymer composites and polymer testing best practices.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003351
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... particles (added to produce nanocomposites) and toughening agents, both of which result in enhanced performance. Fibers A general introduction to and comparison of the most significant fiber types is provided in the article “Introduction to Reinforcing Fibers.” At the time of publication, the most...
Abstract
This article provides a summary of the concepts discussed in the articles under the Section “Constituent Materials” in ASM Handbook, Volume 21: Composites. The Section describes the major matrix resins and reinforcing fibers used in composite materials, as well as some of the intermediate material forms available for composite fabrication.
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