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multiple-spindle machines
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Book Chapter
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002147
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... automatic bar and chucking machines, Swiss-type automatic bar machines, multiple-spindle automatic bar and chucking machines, and multiple-spindle vertical chucking machines. The article provides examples that illustrate typical variations in dimensions obtained with a multiple-spindle machine. It also...
Abstract
This article provides information on the operating principle, tool material and design changes, and safety and protection of various multifunction machines as well as the cutting fluids used. These include single-spindle automatic lathes, manual turret lathes, single-spindle automatic bar and chucking machines, Swiss-type automatic bar machines, multiple-spindle automatic bar and chucking machines, and multiple-spindle vertical chucking machines. The article provides examples that illustrate typical variations in dimensions obtained with a multiple-spindle machine. It also describes the machinability and provides information on the physical condition of the work metal. The article discusses the various factors to be considered in the selection of an appropriate machine. It presents examples that describe the techniques and equipment selected for specific production applications. In addition, the article discusses the types, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of machining centers and transfer machines. Finally, it provides the goals, objectives, and production techniques of flexible manufacturing systems.
Image
Published: 01 January 1989
Fig. 10 Multiple turning head used in a single-spindle automatic chucking machine and mounted on the pentagon turret. The workpiece is turned and drilled simultaneously.
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Published: 01 January 1989
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Published: 01 January 1989
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Published: 01 January 1989
Book Chapter
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002135
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... are usually driven by V-belts; larger spindles have gear transmissions, and some have multiple-speed motors. Numerical control is also utilized. Drilling machines can usually be classified as follows: bench, upright, radial, gang, multiple-spindle, deep-hole, transfer, and special-purpose. Although...
Abstract
This article focuses on machines that are designed, constructed, and used for drilling. It provides information on the design, materials, selection, and classification of drill. The article describes drills that are specially designed for hard steel and other specific applications. A variety of drill point styles, such as single-angle points and reduced-rake points, are described. The article discusses the factors considered to obtain expected dimensional accuracy of holes. It explains the determination of the optimum speed and feed for drilling, which depends on the workpiece material, tool material, depth of hole, design of drill, rigidity of setup, tolerance, and cutting fluid. The article illustrates the effects of operating variables on drill life of hardened steel. The advantages, limitations, design considerations, insert configurations, and applications of indexable-insert drills are discussed. The article concludes with a discussion on the requirements to drill small holes that differ from those used in conventional drilling.
Image
Published: 01 January 1989
Fig. 19 Principal components and their operation in a multiple-spindle automatic chucking or bar machine
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Image
Published: 01 January 1997
Fig. 3 Examples of features with different machined orientations. (a) Planes with normals in different directions, which may require refixturing or pallet rotations to complete. (b) Parallel planes at different depths, which may require multiple passes, spindle extensions, or tool changes
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Book Chapter
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002130
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... of turret lathes, enable a further increase in production of parts that are made from bars or tubes. Production can be still further increased by the use of a multiple-spindle automatic bar machine, designed so that every tool is in operation at the same time, but on a different piece of material...
Abstract
Boring is a machining process in which internal diameters are generated in true relation to the centerline of the spindle by means of single-point cutting tools. This article provides a discussion on boring machines and boring tools and presents a comprehensive discussion on the various elements of boring. The elements are composition and hardness of workpiece metal, cutting fluid, speeds and feeds, and methods for piloting and supporting tools in boring applications. The article explains the role of workpiece size in selecting the equipment and processing procedure and the use of techniques to overcome difficulties presented by workpiece configuration. It describes the factors related to accuracy of boring and factors affecting them. The article also presents a discussion on close-tolerance boring and methods of controlling vibration and chatter. It concludes with a section presenting information on the use of boring equipment for machining operations other than boring.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002159
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... vibration; boosters are available with different amplitude gain factors Fig. 2 Schematic of components used in ultrasonic machining Rotary Ultrasonic Machine A rotary ultrasonic machine is similar to a standard milling-drilling machine with an ultrasonic spindle mounted above an X - Y...
Abstract
The ultrasonic machining (USM) process consists of two methods, namely, ultrasonic impact grinding and rotary USM. This article lists the major ultrasonic components that are similar to both rotary USM and ultrasonic impact grinding. It also provides schematic representations of the components used in rotary USM and ultrasonic impact grinding. The article describes the operations of the components of the rotary ultrasonic machine and ultrasonic impact grinding machine. It discusses the applications of the rotary ultrasonic machine: drilling, milling, and surface grinding. The article concludes with information on machining characteristics of ultrasonic impact grinding.
Image
Published: 01 January 1989
Fig. 5 Setup and conditions for the multiple-spindle drilling of holes in W2 die guide plates. Dimensions in figure given in inches Drill details Material M7 Diameter, mm (in.) 16.5 ( 21 32 ) Length, mm (in.) 130 (5 1 8 ) Helix angle, degrees 30 Point
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Book Chapter
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002144
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... hold and rotate a cutter while allowing a workpiece to be fed into the cutter, or vice versa. Figure 1 illustrates the wide range of cutter configurations available for use in milling operations. For example, milling can be done in single-spindle or multiple-spindle bar and chucking machines...
Abstract
This article commences with a schematic illustration of a wide range of cutter configurations available for use in milling operations. It describes the various types of milling machines classified based on the type of construction, such as knee-and-column type, bed-type, planer-type, and special type. The article discusses mechanical-electric, mechanical-hydraulic, mechanical-electric-hydraulic, and numerical control of milling machines. It describes various types of milling cutters, such as peripheral mills, face mills, end mills, and special mills. Milling cutters, such as solid milling cutters, inserted-blade cutters, and indexable-insert cutters, are also discussed. The article explains the capabilities and limitations of peripheral milling, face milling, and end milling methods. It concludes with a comparison of milling with broaching, planing or shaping, and grinding.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002149
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
...-of-the-art equipment has spindles that machine materials at 100 000 rev/min with point positioning of the tool in excess of 425 mm/s (1000 in./min). The capability of tooling in the 1980s and the potential capability of equipment in the 1990s is: Variable 1980s average 1990s requirements...
Abstract
In-process tool monitoring systems can electronically detect excessive tool wear or warn of impending tool failure to lessen machine downtime and prevent the production of out-of-tolerance parts. This article discusses the sensing technology available for manufacturing applications, as wells as the advantages and disadvantages of this technology. It describes the roles of the three basic elements to any modern sensing system: sensing source, signal amplifier, and microprocessor or translator. The article reviews two case studies from two different ends of the metal removal spectrum, broaching and drilling, to emphasize the cost effectiveness of using a tool condition monitoring system.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003983
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... in the die. Workpiece surface finish is generally best when its rotation is about 80% of the rotating spindle speed. Resistance to rotation is manual when the swager is hand fed; mechanical means are used with automatic feeds. Machines Rotary swaging machines are classified as standard rotary...
Abstract
Rotary swaging is an incremental metalworking process for reducing the cross-sectional area or otherwise changing the shape of bars, tubes, or wires by repeated radial blows with two or more dies. This article discusses the applicability of swaging and metal flow during swaging. It describes the types of rotary swaging machines, auxiliary tools, and swaging dies used for rotary swaging and the procedure for determining the side clearance in swaging dies. The article presents an overview of automated swaging machines and tube swaging, with and without a mandrel. It analyzes the effect of reduction, feed rate, die taper angle, surface contaminants, lubrication, and material response on swaging operation. The article discusses the applications for which swaging is the best method for producing a given shape, and compares swaging with alternative processes. It concludes with a discussion on special applications of swagging.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005126
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... of Lubricants in Forming of Sheet Metal” in this Volume. Machines The contour roll-forming machine most commonly used has a number of individual units, each of which is actually a dual-spindle roll-forming machine, mounted on a suitable baseplate to make a multiple-unit machine. The flexibility...
Abstract
Contour roll forming is a continuous process for forming metal from sheet, strip, or coiled stock into desired shapes of uniform cross section by feeding the stock through a series of roll stations equipped with contoured rolls. This article discusses the materials, roll-forming machines, tooling, and auxiliary equipment used in contour roll forming and its process variables. Tooling used in roll forming includes forming rolls and dies for punching and cutting off the material. The article discusses the additional tooling required in tube mills to weld, size, and straighten the tubes as they are produced on the machine. It describes the roll design for tube rolling and reviews the seam welding operations of pipe and tubing. The article discusses cross-sectional tolerances, the reshaping of round tubing, and factors that affect the quality, accuracy, and surface finish.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002139
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... of the tap. An uncontrolled hydraulic feed will not maintain a stable feed rate and might tear the threads. Multiple-Spindle Tapping Machines Multiple-spindle tapping machines are for high-volume production. All spindles (some machines have 25 or more) are rotated by a common power source...
Abstract
Tapping is a machining process for producing internal threads. This article provides a discussion on machines and accessories of tapping. It reviews the seven categories of taps, namely, solid, shell, sectional, expansion, inserted-chaser, adjustable, and collapsible taps, as well as their design and functions. It explains the influences of various factors on the selection of tap design features and discusses the principal factors that influence the selection of equipment and procedure for tapping. The article reviews the factors that determine torque demand. It also provides an overview of tap materials and surface treatment and concludes with a discussion on tapping of taper pipe threads.
Book Chapter
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002129
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... with an almost infinite number of modifications and also have served as the basis for another group of machine tools that includes turret lathes and single-spindle or multiple-spindle bar and chucking machines. Regardless of other modifications, engine lathes are provided with only two types of headstocks...
Abstract
Turning is a machining process for generating external surfaces of revolution by the action of a cutting tool on a rotating workpiece, usually in a lathe. This article discusses the process capabilities of turning over other machining operations and describes the classification, controlling methods, attachments, and accessories of a lathe machine. It reviews the design and various operations of single-point cutting tools in turning. In addition, the article discusses the influence of various factors on selection of equipment and machining procedure for a specific part. These include the size and configuration of the workpiece, equipment capacity, production quantity, dimensional accuracy, number of operations, and the surface finish. It presents examples that describe or compare equipment and techniques for production applications. Finally, the article provides a discussion on the classification and compatibility of cutting fluids.
Book Chapter
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002137
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
...Abstract Abstract Countersinking, counterboring, and spotfacing operations can be carried out on drilling machines and usually follow drilling operations. This article discusses five common types of countersinking tools or countersinks, namely, machine, three-flute, single-flute, insert-type...
Abstract
Countersinking, counterboring, and spotfacing operations can be carried out on drilling machines and usually follow drilling operations. This article discusses five common types of countersinking tools or countersinks, namely, machine, three-flute, single-flute, insert-type, and interchangeable countersinks. It provides a short description of the two types of spotfacing tools: back and double-end spotfacers and automatic back spotfacers. The article describes different types of counterboring tools, including interchangeable-pilot, integral-pilot, and interchangeable-cutter counterbores. It tabulates the nominal speeds and feeds for counterboring and spotfacing of carbon and low-alloy steels with high-speed steel and carbide tools.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004041
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
...Abstract Abstract This article reviews the methods of machining and finishing forging dies. It illustrates different stages in die manufacturing. The article provides a brief description on requirements and characteristics of high-speed machining tools, including feed rates, spindle speed...
Abstract
This article reviews the methods of machining and finishing forging dies. It illustrates different stages in die manufacturing. The article provides a brief description on requirements and characteristics of high-speed machining tools, including feed rates, spindle speed, surface cutting speeds, and high acceleration and deceleration capabilities. It discusses electrodischarge machining process and electrochemical machining process. The article concludes with information on die-making methods.
Book Chapter
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002173
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... as high as 6000 cm 3 /min (370 in. 3 /min) have been reached using multiple ceramic cutters on high-carbon (0.8% C) heat treated cast steel rolls. This article will review the machine requirements, cutting parameters, and applications associated with HRR machining. Additional information can be found...
Abstract
High removal rate (HRR) machining involves the use of extremely rigid, high-power, high-precision machines, such as roll turning lathes, to achieve material removal rates far beyond the capacity of conventional machine tools. This article reviews the machine requirements and cutting parameters of HRR machining. Machine components such as the lathe bed, tailstock, headstock, carriage, and tooling are detailed. The article also discusses the applications of HRR machining.