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multiphase modeling
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005439
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... Abstract This article presents various equations that are essential for the modeling of both single-phase and multiphase profiles. It includes the fundamental laws of diffusion, along with its equations and solutions. The article provides information on the series of applications...
Abstract
This article presents various equations that are essential for the modeling of both single-phase and multiphase profiles. It includes the fundamental laws of diffusion, along with its equations and solutions. The article provides information on the series of applications that illustrate how various diffusional processes can be modeled.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005430
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... Abstract Diffusion is the process by which molecules, atoms, ions, point defects, or other particle types migrate from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration. This article focuses on the diffusivity data and modeling of lattice diffusion in solid-state materials...
Abstract
Diffusion is the process by which molecules, atoms, ions, point defects, or other particle types migrate from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration. This article focuses on the diffusivity data and modeling of lattice diffusion in solid-state materials, presenting their diffusion equations. It discusses different methods for evaluating the diffusivity of a material, including the measurement of diffusion coefficients, composition profiles, and layer growth widths. The article reviews the various types of direct and indirect diffusion experiments to extract tracer, intrinsic, and chemical diffusivities. It provides information on the applications of single-phase and multiphase diffusion.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004214
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... by a turbulent flowing medium on the pipe material surface ( Ref 40 ). Because mass-transfer and momentum-transfer effects are interdependent, a change in wall shear stress will affect mass transfer and also impact flow regimes and corrosion rates. Flow Modeling of Multiphase Systems As indicated...
Abstract
This article discusses the effects of parameters on corrosivity and explains why it is critical to examine the parameter interactions prior to capturing the synergistic effects of the parameters on corrosion. It examines the methods of internal corrosion prediction for multiphase pipelines. The article reviews methodologies to perform internal corrosion direct assessment for pipelines. Real-time monitoring techniques for assessing actual corrosion at critical locations are discussed. The article also presents the case studies for multi-technique electrochemical corrosion monitoring.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003721
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
.... , Measurement of Dihedral Angles , Trans. Met. Soc. AIME , Vol 230 , 1964 , p 795 – 801 47. Cahn R.W. , Metal Systems , Composite Materials , Holliday L. , Ed., Elsevier , 1966 , p 65 – 90 48. Cahn J.W. , A Model for Connectivity in Multiphase Structures , Acta Metall...
Abstract
This article provides information on the general structural features and origins of metals. The characteristic structural features of single-phase metals and alloys, such as grain structure and substructure, are discussed. The article also describes the major types of multiphase structures and macrostructure of metals and alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005518
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... increasing computer power, first calculations combining a direct description of both the primary phase and secondary particles recently became possible. A multiphase field model coupled with a thermodynamic database was used to address the formation of microstructure in a multicomponent Al-Cu-Si-Mg alloy...
Abstract
This article reviews the various aspects of the simulation of solidification microstructures and grain textures. It describes the grain structures and morphology of dendrites or eutectics that compose the internal structure of the grains. A particular emphasis has been put on the simulation of defects related to grain textures and microstructures. The article provides information on the application of the most important simulation approaches and the status of numerical simulation.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005236
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... and Electromagnetics , Casting , Viswanathan S. , Ed., Vol 15 , ASM Handbook , ASM International , 2008 6. Wang C.Y. and Beckermann C. , Equiaxed Dendritic Solidification with Convection: Part I: Multiscale/Multiphase Modeling , Metall. Mater. Trans. , Vol 27A , 1996 , p 2754 – 2764...
Abstract
Modeling of structure formation in casting of alloys involves several length scales, ranging from the atomic level to macroscopic scale. Intermediate length scales are used to define the microstructure of the growing phases and the grain structure. This article discusses the principles and applications of the phase field method and the cellular automaton method for modeling the direct evolution of structure at the intermediate length scales, where transport phenomena govern the spatial and temporal evolution of the structure that involves nucleation and growth.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005406
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... limit. For the general case of multicomponent multiphase alloys this correction scheme still deserves to be adapted. The general aspects of the PF method are only briefly outlined. For a more complete review see ( Ref 21 ). In general, a PF model starts from an appropriate thermodynamic function...
Abstract
This article focuses on the intermediate length scales, where transport phenomena govern the spatial and temporal evolution of a structure. It presents the cellular automaton (CA) and phase field (PF) methods that represent the state of the art for modeling macrostructure and microstructure. The article describes the principles of the PF method and provides information on the applications of the PF method. The CA model is introduced as a computationally efficient method to predict grain structures in castings using the mesoscopic scale of individual grains. The article discusses the coupling of the CA to macroscopic calculation of heat, flow, and mass transfers in castings and applications to realistic casting conditions.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005420
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... of the inclusions coming from upstream processing prior to casting. Obtaining this knowledge ideally involves modeling the multiphase fluid flow, turbulent mixing and diffusion, species transport, chemical reactions, and particle interactions that create the inclusions in upstream processes. Considerable...
Abstract
This article focuses on the concepts involved in heat-transfer modeling, thermomechanical modeling, and microsegregation modeling of hot tearing. It discusses the modeling of solidification defects, namely, inclusion entrapment, segregation, shrinkage cavities, gas porosity, mold-wall erosion, and hot-tear cracks.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005536
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... multicomponent, multiphase systems based on mathematical models that describe the Gibbs energy as a function of temperature, pressure, and composition for each individual phase in a system. Adjustable parameters in the expressions of the numerical models capture the composition dependence in binary and ternary...
Abstract
This article focuses on the modeling and simulation of diffusion-controlled processes related to both materials processing such as heat treatments, and materials degradation from a practical perspective by using the one-dimensional (1-D) sharp interface approach. It describes various diffusion simulation models, such as one-phase simulations, moving phase-boundary simulations, and dispersed system simulations. The article presents case studies that illustrate some examples where diffusion simulations have been applied to industrial-based problems, with an emphasis on the approaches used and the lessons learned from performing such simulations.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005544
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... Facility of the Department of Chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania. It offers molecular modeling, simulation, mathematical software packages, and the Cambridge Structural Database. University of Pennsylvania http://help.chem.upenn.edu/ CASTEP CASTEP is a software package that uses density...
Abstract
This article demonstrates the depth and breadth of commercial and third-party software packages available to simulate metals processes. It provides a representation of the spectrum of applications from simulation of atomic-level effects to manufacturing optimization. The article tabulates the software name, function or process applications, vendor or developer, and website information.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006546
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... models of droplet impact are commonly used for high-fidelity simulations. They implement the governing Navier-Stokes and mass-continuity equations but differ depending on their treatment of the interfaces between phases in a multiphase flow problem. The challenge is to track the evolution of interfaces...
Abstract
This article focuses on four industrial additive manufacturing approaches that are used to create polymer parts. The first section focuses on material extrusion, providing information on lumped-parameter material flow models and higher-fidelity models developed to estimate temperature distribution. The second section covers polymer powder-bed sintering/ fusion, discussing the different levels of scale used to address modeling and the impact of process settings: thermodynamics at the powder-bed surface, consolidation of adjacent particles in the fusion process, and fusion and molecular-level behavior within particles. The third section on vat photopolymerization (VPP) discusses two primary approaches to modeling VPP processes, namely a lumped-parameter approach to estimate cured regions in the vat, known as the Jacobs model, and a high-fidelity, continuum approach that uses finite-element methods. The final section is devoted to material jetting, focusing on simulations used to study droplet generation at the nozzle and droplet impact.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005415
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... Abstract This article discusses the fundamental aspects of phase-field microstructure modeling. It describes the evolution of microstructure modeling, including nucleation, growth, and coarsening. The article reviews two approaches used in the modeling nucleation of microstructure: the Langevin...
Abstract
This article discusses the fundamental aspects of phase-field microstructure modeling. It describes the evolution of microstructure modeling, including nucleation, growth, and coarsening. The article reviews two approaches used in the modeling nucleation of microstructure: the Langevin force approach and explicit nucleation algorithm. Calculation of activation energy and critical nucleus configuration is discussed. The article presents the deterministic phase-field kinetic equations for modeling growth and coarsening of microstructure. It also describes the material-specific model inputs, chemical free energy and kinetic coefficients, for phase-field microstructure modeling. The article provides four examples that illustrate some aspects of phase-field modeling.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001765
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... to extract structural models. For neutrons, on the other hand, it was demonstrated in the late 1960s that the detailed powder diffraction diagram could be modeled using expressions of the type: I ( 2 θ ) = ∑ i = n m F i 2 χ i ( 2 θ i − 2 θ ) C i where I...
Abstract
Neutrons are a principal tool for the study of lattice vibrational spectra in materials. This article provides a detailed account of fission and spallation methods of neutron production that are capable of producing sufficient intensity to be useful in neutron scattering research. It describes the instrumentation required for, and advancements made in, neutron powder diffraction. The article further explains the texture and residual stress (macrostresses and microstresses) problems that are analyzed using the neutron powder diffraction method. It also outlines the single-crystal neutron diffraction technique, and provides examples of the applications of neutron diffraction.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005501
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... Abstract This article reviews the topic of computational thermodynamics and introduces the calculation of solidification paths for casting alloys. It discusses the calculation of thermophysical properties and the fundamentals of the modeling of solidification processes. The article describes...
Abstract
This article reviews the topic of computational thermodynamics and introduces the calculation of solidification paths for casting alloys. It discusses the calculation of thermophysical properties and the fundamentals of the modeling of solidification processes. The article describes several commonly used microstructure simulation methods and presents ductile iron casting as an example to demonstrate the ability of microstructure simulation. The predictions for the major defects of casting, such as porosity, hot tearing, and macrosegregation, are highlighted. Finally, several industry applications are presented.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4E
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04e.a0006277
EISBN: 978-1-62708-169-6
... Abstract This article describes the integration of thermodynamic modeling, mobility database, and phase-transformation crystallography into phase-field modeling and its combination with transformation texture modeling to predict phase equilibrium, phase transformation, microstructure evolution...
Abstract
This article describes the integration of thermodynamic modeling, mobility database, and phase-transformation crystallography into phase-field modeling and its combination with transformation texture modeling to predict phase equilibrium, phase transformation, microstructure evolution, and transformation texture development during heat treatment of multicomponent alpha/beta and beta titanium alloys. It includes quantitative description of Burgers orientation relationship and path, discussion of lattice correspondence between the alpha and beta phases, and determination of the total number of Burgers correspondence variants and orientation variants. The article also includes calculation of the transformation strain with contributions from defect structures developed at alpha/beta interfaces as a precipitates grow in size. In the CALculation of PHAse Diagram (CALPHAD) framework, the Gibbs free energies and atomic mobilities are established as functions of temperature, pressure, and composition and serve directly as key inputs of any microstructure modeling. The article presents examples of the integrated computation tool set in simulating microstructural evolution.
Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005233
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
.... Other examples include turbulence models, combustion models, and multiphase flow models. All models necessarily introduce imprecision, and an ongoing goal of research is to improve the accuracy of these models. Other issues for three-dimensional engineering CFD include geometry acquisition and grid...
Abstract
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is one of the tools available for understanding and predicting the performance of thermal-fluids systems. This article qualitatively describes the basic principles of CFD. The numerical methods, such as geometry description and discretization, used to solve the CFD equations are discussed. The article also demonstrates the application of CFD to a few casting problems.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005517
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... Abstract This article presents the background to the CALculation of PHAse Diagrams (CALPHAD) method, explaining how it works, and how it can be applied in industrial practice. The extension of CALPHAD methods as a core basis for the modeling of generalized material properties is explored...
Abstract
This article presents the background to the CALculation of PHAse Diagrams (CALPHAD) method, explaining how it works, and how it can be applied in industrial practice. The extension of CALPHAD methods as a core basis for the modeling of generalized material properties is explored. It informs that one of the aims of CALPHAD methods has been to calculate phase equilibria in the complex, multicomponent alloys that are used regularly by industry. The article discusses the application of CALPHAD calculations to industrial alloys. Modeling of general material properties, such as thermophysical and physical properties, temperature- and strain-rate-dependent mechanical properties, properties for use in the modeling of quench distortion, and properties for use in solidification modeling, is also reviewed. The article also describes the linking of thermodynamic, kinetic, and material property models.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005215
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... be eliminated or reduced by homogenization and solution heat treatments, which, in the case of wrought alloys, are combined with mechanical deformation processes to reduce the scale of the solidification microstructure. Solidification Models In general, alloys freeze over a temperature range...
Abstract
This article discusses the two extremes of solute redistribution, equilibrium solidification and nonequilibrium Gulliver-Scheil solidification, for which solid redistribution of solute within the primary solid phase is the distinguishing parameter. The process and material parameters that control microsegregation are discussed in relation to the manifestations of microsegregation in simple and then increasingly complex alloy systems. The measurement and kinetics of microsegregation are discussed for the binary isomorphous systems: titanium-molybdenum; binary eutectic systems: aluminum-copper and aluminum-silicon; binary peritectic systems: copper-zinc; multicomponent eutectic systems: Al-Si-Cu-Mg; and for systems with both eutectic and peritectic reactions: Fe-C-Cr and nickel-base superalloy.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 12 September 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23A.a0006896
EISBN: 978-1-62708-392-8
... input data. Some of the major imaging parameters to optimize for 3D printing anatomical models include: Spatial resolution Slice thickness (<1 mm, or 0.04 in.) Reconstruction kernel (preferably soft tissue) Multiphase contrast (e.g., arterial, venous, portal venous, excretory) Metal...
Abstract
Bridging the gap between education and medical practice, centralized hospital-based 3D printing, or what is termed point-of-care (POC) manufacturing, has been rapidly growing in the United States as well as internationally. This article provides insights into the considerations and the current workflow of creating 3D-printed anatomical models at the POC. Case studies are introduced to show the complex range of anatomical models that can be produced while also exploring how patient care benefits. It describes the advanced form of communication in medicine. The advantages as well as pitfalls of using the patient-specific 3D-printed models at the POC are addressed, demonstrating the fundamental knowledge needed to create 3D-printed anatomical models through POC manufacturing.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003427
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... ultra-high strength was required for the fastener to function. Today, multiphase bolts are being considered to replace alloy 718 where loads are increasing due to growth of some aircraft models. However, in composite structure, it takes a very thick structure to warrant the high shear strength ( F su...
Abstract
This article focuses on the factors to be considered for selecting fasteners for joining carbon fiber composites. These considerations include corrosion compatibility, fastener materials, strength, stiffness, head configurations, importance of clamp-up, hole fit, and lightning protection.
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