Dip soldering is accomplished by submerging parts to be joined into a molten solder bath. This article provides an overview of dip soldering, its applications, and the equipment used. The article also provides information on the safety measures to be taken by production personnel when operating solder pots.

This article focuses on the design considerations and process parameters critical to the successful implantation of wave soldering on printed circuit boards. The design considerations include the through-hole technology and the surface-mount technology. The article presents information on process parameters, which can be divided into three groups: the fluxing operation, solder wave properties, and process schedule. It provides information on various solder defects.

Soldering involves heating a joint to a suitable temperature and using a filler metal (solder) that melts below 450 deg C (840 deg F). Beginning with an overview of the specification and standards and applications, this article discusses the principal levels and effects of the most common impurity elements in tin-lead solders. It describes the various processes involved in the successful soldering of joints, including shaping the parts to fit closely together; cleaning and preparing the surfaces to be joined; applying a flux; assembling the parts; and applying the heat and solder.

Brazing and soldering are done at temperatures below the solidus temperature of the base material but high enough to melt the filler metal and allow the liquid filler metal to wet the surface and spread into the joint gap by capillary action. This article discusses the common advantages of both brazing and soldering. It describes the brazing and soldering of cast irons, as well as the selection of brazing filler material. The article discusses various brazing methods: torch brazing, induction brazing, salt-bath brazing, and furnace brazing. It concludes with information on the application examples of brazing of cast iron.

Soldering represents the primary method of attaching electronic components, such as resistors, capacitors, or packaged integrated circuits, to either printed wiring board whose defects is minimized by consideration of proper PWB design, device packages, and board assembly. This article discusses the categories that are most important to successful electronic soldering, namely, solders and fluxes selection, nature of base materials and finishes, solder joint design, and solderability testing.

Tin is produced from both primary and secondary sources. This article discusses the chemical compositions, production, properties, microstructure and applications of tin and tin alloys. The major tin alloys discussed here are tin-antimony-copper alloy (pewter), bearing alloy, solder alloy and other alloys containing traces of tin. Data on tin consumption in the United States is presented graphically.

Soldering is defined as a joining process by which two substrates are bonded together using a filler metal with a liquidus temperature. This article provides an overview of fundamentals of soldering and presents guidelines for flux selection. Types of fluxes, including rosin-base fluxes, organic fluxes, inorganic fluxes, and synthetically activated fluxes, are reviewed. The article describes the joint design and precleaning and surface preparation for soldering. It addresses some general considerations in the soldering of electronic devices. Soldering process parameters, affecting wetting and spreading phenomena, such as temperature, time, vapor pressure, metallurgical and chemical nature of the surfaces, and surface geometry, are discussed. The article also describes the applications of furnace soldering, resistance soldering, infrared soldering, and ultrasonic soldering. It contains a table that lists tests commonly used to evaluate the solderability properties of selected soldered components.

This article is a compilation of definitions for terms related to welding fundamentals and all welding processes. The processes include arc and resistance welding, friction stir welding, laser beam welding, explosive welding, and ultrasonic welding.

Tin is a soft, brilliant white, low-melting metal that is most widely known and characterized in the form of coating. This article discusses the primary and secondary production of tin and explains the uses of tin in coating, namely tinplating, electroplating, and hot dip coatings. It presents a short note on pure (unalloyed) tin and uses of tin in chemicals. The article also covers the compositions and uses of tin alloys which include solders, pewter, bearing alloys, alloys for organ pipes, and fusible alloys. It goes on to discuss the other alloys containing tin including battery grid alloys, type metals, copper alloys, dental alloys, cast irons, titanium alloys, and zirconium alloys. Finally, it presents a short note on the applications of tin powder and corrosion resistance of tin.

Soldering technology has been used in applications ranging from the packaging of integrated circuit chips to the fabrication of industrial heat exchangers and consequently in structural or electronic applications. This article provides information on various soldering parameters, including types of solder alloy in terms of selection process; selection of substrate base material; flux selection based on adequate wettability by the solder; solder joint assembly; combined substrate, solder, and flux properties; and manufacturing procedures. Each of these parameters is explored using examples of both structural and electronic applications. The article concludes with a discussion on the environmental, safety, and health issues to be considered during soldering.

This article provides information about the selection of brazing processes and filler metals and describes the brazing (heating) methods, including manual torch brazing, furnace brazing, induction brazing, dip brazing, resistance brazing and specialized brazing processes such as diffusion and exothermic brazing. The article explains joint design, filler materials, fuel gases, equipment, and fluxes in the brazing methods. The article also describes the brazing of steels, stainless steels, cast irons, heat-resistant alloys, aluminum alloys, copper and copper alloys, and titanium and titanium alloys.

This article focuses on the use of indium and bismuth in low-melting-temperature solders and fusible alloys. It describes how the two elements typically occur in nature and how they are recovered and processed for commercial use. It also provides information on designations, classification, composition, properties (including temperatures ranges), and some of the other ways in which indium and bismuth alloys are used.

This article describes the melting process of casting metals used in hot chamber die casting. It discusses the design and capabilities of injection components, such as gooseneck, plunger, and cylinder. The article reviews the distinctions between hot and cold chamber processes. An example of a typical runner, gate and overflow configuration for faucet fixture casting is shown. Temperature control for die casting is also discussed. The article explains some ejection and post-processing techniques used for the hot chamber die casting: robotics, recycling, and fluxing.

This article presents an introduction to brazing, including information on its mechanics, advantages, and limitations. It reviews soldering with emphasis on chronology, solder metals, and flux technology. The article also provides useful information on mass, wave, and drag soldering. It presents a table which contains information on the comparison of soldering, brazing, and welding.

Babbitting is a process by which relatively soft metals are bonded chemically or mechanically to a stronger shell or stiffener which supports the weight and torsion of a rotating, oscillating, or sliding shaft. This article focuses on workpiece preparation and babbitting methods. Prior to casting, the workpiece must be scrupulously prepared by various cleaning, fluxing, and tinning steps. Babbitting of bearing shells can be accomplished by three methods, namely, static babbitting, centrifugal casting, and metal spray babbitting.

This article provides an overview of conventional low-pressure casting and describes types of furnaces, tooling, and cores. It discusses the casting cycle steps, advantages, mechanical properties, and considerations of counterpressure casting. The article describes the vacuum riserless/pressure riserless casting process for casting aluminum.

This article commences with a description of the applications of galvanized coatings and provides information on metallurgical characteristics, such as coating thickness and alloying elements. It examines the effect of galvanizing process on the mechanical properties of steels and briefly describes the cleaning procedures of iron and steel pieces, before galvanizing. The article discusses the different types of conventional batch galvanizing practices. Information on the galvanizing of silicon-killed steels is also presented. The article concludes with helpful information on batch galvanizing equipment and galvanizing post treatments.

Brazing technology is continually advancing for a variety of metals including aluminum and its alloys and nonmetals. This article discusses the key physical phenomena in aluminum brazing and the materials for aluminum brazing, including base metals, filler metals, brazing sheet, and brazing flux. It describes various aluminum brazing methods, such as furnace, vacuum, dip, and torch brazing. Friction, flow, induction, resistance, and diffusion brazing are some alternate brazing methods discussed. The article reviews the brazing of aluminum to ferrous alloys, aluminum to copper, and aluminum to other nonferrous metals. It also discusses post-braze processes in terms of post-braze heat treatment and finishing. The article concludes with information on the safety precautions considered in brazing aluminum alloys.

This article describes the factors considered in the analysis of brazeability and solderability of engineering materials. These are the wetting and spreading behavior, joint mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, metallurgical considerations, and residual stress levels. It discusses the application of brazed and soldered joints in sophisticated mechanical assemblies, such as aerospace equipment, chemical reactors, electronic packaging, nuclear applications, and heat exchangers. The article also provides a detailed discussion on the joining process characteristics of different types of engineering materials considered in the selection of a brazing process. The engineering materials include low-carbon steels, low-alloy steels, and tool steels; cast irons; aluminum alloys; copper and copper alloys; nickel-base alloys; heat-resistant alloys; titanium and titanium alloys; refractory metals; cobalt-base alloys; and ceramic materials.