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Book Chapter

By Don Tyler, Robert Pischel
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005260
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... the application of mold coatings and examines the effects of major processing variables on mold life. The variables that determine mold temperature and measures for controlling it are reviewed, and the effects of short-term and long-term variables on the dimensional accuracy of permanent mold castings...
Book Chapter

By S. Lampman
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006513
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... ksi), yield strength of 225 MPa (33 ksi), and elongation of 13%. Extensive thermal control of the mold also provides repeatable process temperatures throughout the casting cycle, minimizing process variation during production. After castings have solidified, the machine opens the top mold...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003041
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
.... Supplemental tools, known as caul plates, can be used to improve the contour of the face of the part away from the mold, as discussed below. The decision as to which surface of a part to place on the mold is often a complex one based on factors beyond the control of the tool designer. Because most process...
Book Chapter

Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005307
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
.... The gravity-fed castings (sand and permanent mold) are made of higher-aluminum-containing alloy. Control of Alloy Composition Zinc alloys for die casting are sensitive to variations in composition and impurity levels—generally more so than aluminum alloys. However, limitations on the permissible...
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003091
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... the production of liquid pig iron with controlled amounts of silicon, sulfur and manganese. The hot air used in the furnace at an average temperature of 1200 °C (2190 °F) and a pressurized flow rate of 70 m 3 /s (150,000 scfm) provides oxygen for burning the coke, supports the counter-current flow of gases...
Book Chapter

By R.C. Adams, Marvin Foston
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003405
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... to outer mold line. This provides a controlled interface for assembly. This tooling approach with the increased usage of composites components has created new families of project tools, bag-side semirigid cauls. These bag-side outer/inner mold-line cauls are required to improve surface quality, provide...
Book Chapter

By Paul K. Trojan
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005193
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
.... Fig. 1 Ductile iron crankshaft segment essentially free of exogenous inclusions (1, left) and with numerous exogenous inclusions (2, right). Low pouring temperature and poor mold-filling practice were the cause of the inclusions in part 2. Indigenous Inclusions Indigenous inclusions...
Book Chapter

Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005354
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... (by either liquid or vapor curing) is improved dimensional tolerance control. The rigidity of the aggregate mass is hardened in place around the pattern equipment, and the strength conferred by the chemical binders helps prevent distortion of the aggregate mass when metal is poured into the mold. Nobake...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003036
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... unidirectional or chopped fibers and for mat or woven fabric forms. In the hand lay-up technique, fiber is hand-positioned in or on a mold and liquid resin is poured onto the fiber. Cure occurs at room temperature with no applied pressure. Tools roll the blend to work out air bubbles and ensure complete...
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005352
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... excellent corrosion resistance but is fairly brittle at high temperatures. Electromagnetic Pumps Electromagnetic pumps have been developed for circulation of molten metal and controlled mold-filling capabilities. This type of pump is constructed from ceramic materials and has a linear motor...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003035
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... reinforcement Be fast enough to allow the handling required by molding operations, as soon as possible after the impregnation step, in order to keep storage inventories low Give a viscosity at molding temperatures that is low enough to permit sufficient flow to fill out the mold at reasonable molding...
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005242
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... as chromite. Sands are also mixed with additives to produce satisfactory castings. Fig. 3 Thermal expansion of silica compared with other mold aggregates Sand quality control is of fundamental importance to a foundry's profit and casting quality. The leading cause of casting defects, scrap...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003053
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
...-bag pressing cannot produce as complex a part as wet-bag pressing ( Ref 15 ). The dimensions formed by the elastomeric mold cannot be precisely controlled. However, compacts with thin walls and small total bag movement (such as lamp tubes) have been made in production with dimensional controls...
Book Chapter

By Paul Mikkola, Gary Scholl
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005265
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... and the top of the melt. Usually, this is accomplished by applying a controlled vacuum to the mold chamber, but it can also be accomplished by applying a controlled pressure to the melt surface. This differential pressure causes metal to flow up the sprue and into the mold cavities. After the mold...
Book Chapter

By Douglas White
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006310
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... in a rigid molding flask A carbon equivalent of approximately 4.3 and a carbon content of about 3.6% A low casting temperature, probably below 1350 °C (2460 °F) A gating system and running speed to minimize temperature gradients developed in the mold Nevertheless, ductile iron castings, even...
Book Chapter

By Thomas S. Piwonka
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003174
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... casting temperature, preferably below 1350 °C (2460 °F) A gating system and running speed to minimize temperature gradients developed in the mold Nevertheless, for most purposes, ductile iron castings will require the use of risers to ensure fully sound castings, even in rigid molds. Risers...
Book Chapter

By Scott McIntyre
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005252
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
.... Different types of machines vary in operating details and in degree of automation, but all are built to allow close control of time and temperature cycles. Regardless of the type of machine used, or the degree of automation, there are five major steps in producing a mold or core: The resin-sand...
Book Chapter

Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005243
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... other elements of process control, those dealing with the alloy, its composition, its temperature, and the practices used to introduce the metal into the mold can have a large influence on the dimensions of the final casting. The tolerance potential of each major alloy group can vary significantly...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006485
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... positioned within the mold before molten metal is introduced. Molten metal flows into the cavity formed by the mold and bottom block through a pin or float-controlled spout. As solidification begins, the bottom block is withdrawn from the mold and continues to lower at controlled rates. In this way, cooling...
Book Chapter

By Thomas S. Piwonka
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003172
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... broken when the casting is solid so that the casting can be removed from the mold. Green Sand Molds Green sand molds are the most widely used of all sand molds. They are made of sand, bonded by a mixture of clay and water. Other materials may be added to the sand to control its strength...