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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002452
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
...-modulus, and normalized strength-thermal expansion charts. The article examines the use of material property charts in presenting information in a compact and easily accessible manner. fracture toughness-density chart fracture toughness-modulus chart fracture toughness-strength chart loss...
Abstract
Properties of an engineering material have a characteristic range of values that are conveniently displayed on materials selection charts. This article describes the plotting of data on these charts. It discusses the features of various types of material property charts, namely, modulus-density, strength-density, fracture toughness-density, modulus-strength, specific stiffness-specific strength, fracture toughness-modulus, fracture toughness-strength, loss coefficient-modulus, thermal conductivity-thermal diffusivity, thermal expansion-thermal conductivity, thermal expansion-modulus, and normalized strength-thermal expansion charts. The article examines the use of material property charts in presenting information in a compact and easily accessible manner.
Book Chapter
7097 Plate Alloy
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02b.a0006740
EISBN: 978-1-62708-210-5
... Others (each) max 0.05 Others (total) max 0.15 Al bal Source: Ref 1 Physical and mechanical properties based on thickness are in given in Table 2 . SAE AMS calculated minimums (T99 A-basis) are presented for tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation. Young’s modulus...
Abstract
Alloy 7097 is a quench insensitive Al-Mg-Zn-Cu-Zr alloy engineered for the most advantageous combination of strength, corrosion resistance, and fracture toughness in thick structural applications. This datasheet provides information on key alloy metallurgy of alloy 7097 and processing effects on mechanical properties of alloy 7097-T7651 plate.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002453
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... cost/kg; E = Young's modulus; ρ = density; ρ e = electrical resistivity; σ y = yield strength; σ e = endurance limit Applying the Indices and Limits: Property Charts The selection is made by creating materials property charts, onto which performance indices are plotted to give a sequence...
Abstract
This article defines performance indices in a formal way and specifies how they are derived. The performance indices for a light, strong tie and a light, stiff beam are presented. The article presents two case studies that illustrate the use of material indices, shape factors, and selection charts to select materials.
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in Nanoindentation Hardness, Strain-Rate Sensitivity, and Corrosion Response of Additively Manufactured Metals
> Additive Manufacturing Design and Applications
Published: 30 June 2023
Fig. 6 Indentation modulus ( E ind ), indentation yield strength (Y ind ), and indentation hardening rate (H ind ) bar charts concerning the locations in Fig. 5 . Adapted from Ref 19
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Book Chapter
7099 High-Strength Plate
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02b.a0006741
EISBN: 978-1-62708-210-5
... Abstract The aluminum alloy 7099 is a Kaiser aluminum high-strength Al-Mg-Zn-Cu alloy with zirconium that offers a less quench-sensitive alloy for properties in thicker sections for airframe structures such as wing ribs, spars, and skins, as well as fuselage frames and floor beams...
Abstract
The aluminum alloy 7099 is a Kaiser aluminum high-strength Al-Mg-Zn-Cu alloy with zirconium that offers a less quench-sensitive alloy for properties in thicker sections for airframe structures such as wing ribs, spars, and skins, as well as fuselage frames and floor beams. This datasheet provides information on key alloy metallurgy and processing effects on mechanical properties of this 7xxx series alloy.
Book Chapter
Damping Properties
Available to PurchaseBook: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003383
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... angles (20 to 90°), the modulus can decrease by more than an order of magnitude. Relationship Between Damping and Strength If improving damping properties of a laminate at no detriment to its mechanical properties is an objective, it is interesting to examine the differences between ±15° angle...
Abstract
Damping is the energy dissipation properties of a material or system under cyclic stress. The vibrational and damping characteristics of composites are important in many applications, including ground-based and airborne vehicles, space structures, and sporting goods. This article describes the damping characteristics of unidirectional composites, when they are subjected to longitudinal shear, longitudinal tension/compression, and transverse tension/compression. It presents equations that govern the overall damping capacity of beams that are cut from laminated plates. The article discusses the effect of temperature on damping and provides information on the relationship between damping and strength.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003352
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... divided by the density of the material. Specific modulus and specific strength are commonly expressed in units of length, for example, 10 6 meter (Mm). (Units of modulus or strength over density are also used. In SI units, this is Mpa · m 3 /Mg. See the article “Material Property Charts” in Materials...
Abstract
Reinforcing fibers are a key component of polymer-matrix composites (PMCs), ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs), and metal-matrix composites (MMCs). This article discusses the mechanical and nonmechanical properties of these composites. It presents an overview of PMC, CMC, and MMC reinforcing fibers. The article describes cost-considered value-in-use of the ultimate-use temperature of selected fibers in three fiber categories: metal fibers or wires, oxide ceramic fibers, and non-oxide ceramic fibers.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002450
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... and material properties Failure mode Material property Ultimate tensile strength Yield strength Compressive yield strength Shear yield strength Fatigue properties Ductility Impact energy Transition temperature Modulus of elasticity Creep rate K Ic (a) K Iscc (b) Electrochemical...
Abstract
This article describes the process of materials selection in relation to the design process, such as materials selection for a new design and materials substitution for an existing design. It reviews the performance characteristics of materials using prototype tests or field tests to determine their performance under actual service conditions. The article describes the selection of a material in relation to the manufacturing process and presents the factors that influence materials selection based on costs and related aspects. These factors include metallurgical requirements, dimensions, processing, quantity, packing, marking, and loading. The article discusses how the needs for materials data evolve as a design proceeds from conceptual to detail design. It describes the methods of materials selection, namely, cost per unit property method, weighted property index method, and limits on properties method.
Book Chapter
Mechanical Testing of Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003330
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... a couple of the most critical characteristics that define a product and strive for comparison against historical values rather than absolute properties. Many QC tests do not measure absolute mechanical properties. For example, flexural strength and modulus do not in general coincide with the strength...
Abstract
This article begins with a review of the purposes of mechanical characterization tests and the general considerations related to the mechanical properties of anisotropic systems, specimen fabrication, equipment and fixturing, environmental conditioning, and analysis of test results. It provides information on the specimen preparation, instrumentation, and procedures for various mechanical test methods of fiber-reinforced composites. These include the compression test, flexure test, shear test, open hole tension test, and compression after impact test. The article describes three distinct fracture modes, namely, crack opening mode, shearing mode, and tearing mode. It presents an overview of fatigue testing and fatigue damage mechanisms of composite materials and reviews the types of mechanical measurements that can be made during the course of testing to assess fatigue damage. The article concludes with a discussion on the split-Hopkinson pressure bar test.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... and specification Nominal composition, % Tensile properties Torsion properties Hardness, HRC (c) Max allowable temperature, °C (°F) Method of manufacture, chief applications, special properties Minimum tensile strength (a) , MPa (ksi) Modulus of elasticity ( E ), GPa (psi × 10 6 ) Design stress...
Abstract
Steel springs are made in many types, shapes, and sizes, ranging from delicate hairsprings for instrument meters to massive buffer springs for railroad equipment. The primary focus of this article is small steel springs that are cold wound from wire. Wire springs are of four types: compression springs (including die springs), extension springs, torsion springs, and wire forms. Chemical composition, mechanical properties, surface quality, availability, and cost are the principal factors to be considered in selecting steel for springs. Both carbon and alloy steels are used extensively. The three types of wire used in the greatest number of applications of cold formed springs are hard-drawn spring wire, oil tempered wire and music wire. Residual stresses can increase or decrease the strength of a spring material, depending on their direction. Steel springs are often electroplated with zinc or cadmium to protect them from corrosion and abrasion. Although some hot-wound springs are made of steels that are also used for cold-wound springs, hot-wound springs are usually much larger, which results in significant metallurgical differences. All spring design is based on Hooke’s law; charts and formulas are available to aid in the design of springs.
Book Chapter
Microstructure and Characterization of Compacted Graphite Iron
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006317
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... tooling. Source: Ref 8 Fig. 7 Ultimate tensile strength and 0.2% yield strength of 0 to 10% nodularity compacted graphite iron as a function of pearlite content. Source: Ref 3 Fig. 8 Elastic modulus of pearlitic ductile iron, compacted graphite iron, and chromium-molybdenum-alloyed...
Abstract
According to the ISO 16112 standard for compacted graphite cast irons (CGIs), the graphite particles in CGIs shall be predominantly in the vermicular form when viewed on a two dimensional plane of polish. This article begins with a schematic illustration of compacted graphite microstructures with nodularity. It describes the tensile properties, hardness and compressive properties, and impact properties of CGI. The article concludes with a discussion on the fatigue strength and thermal conductivity of CGI.
Book Chapter
Overview of Mechanical Properties and Testing for Design
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003257
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... in torsional shear, MPa (ksi) Modulus of elasticity, GPa (10 6 psi) Elongation in 50 mm (2 in.), % Hardness, HB 0.2% offset yield strength Ultimate 0.2% offset yield strength Ultimate Tension Shear Cast irons Gray cast iron … 140 (20) 240 (35) … 255 (37) 105 (15) 40 (6) 1 130...
Abstract
An integral aspect of designing and material selection is the use of mechanical properties derived from various mechanical testing. This article introduces the basic concepts of mechanical design and its relation with the properties derived from various mechanical testings, namely, tensile, compressive, hardness, torsion and bend, shear load, shock, and fatigue and creep testings. It describes the design criteria for combined properties derived from each of the mechanical testing. The article concludes with a discussion on the effect of environment on the mechanical properties.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Mechanical Testing of Components
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003321
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... of selected steels Table 1 Monotonic and cyclic stress-strain properties of selected steels Alloy Condition (a) Elastic modulus ( E ) Yield strength ( S y ) Tensile strength ( S u ) Strength coefficient ( K ) Strain hardening exponent ( n ) Reduction in area, % True fracture stress (σ f...
Abstract
This article describes the tests for the common types of fabricated components and modeling of metal deformation. It provides an overview of component testing and briefly reviews the relationship of mechanical properties in the process of mechanical design for static loads, cyclic loads, dynamic loads, and high-temperature materials. The article describes the general properties related to monotonic stress-strain behavior of steels. It also discusses materials properties and operating stresses as well as other factors, such as part shape and environmental effects, which play significant roles in the design process of components.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003005
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... of interest Table 4 Common material properties of interest Mechanical properties Elastic moduli and stiffness Ultimate tensile strength Yield strength Ductility Modulus of rupture (flexural strength) Compressive strength Fatigue strength Impact strength Fracture toughness...
Abstract
The selection of engineered materials is an integrated process that requires an understanding of the interaction between materials properties, manufacturing characteristics, design considerations, and the total life cycle of the product. This article classifies various engineered materials, including ferrous alloys, nonferrous alloys, ceramics, cermets and cemented carbides, engineering plastics, polymer-matrix composites, metal-matrix composites, ceramic-matrix and carbon-carbon composites, and reviews their general property characteristics and applications. It describes the synergy between the elements of the materials selection process and presents a general comparison of material properties. Finally, the article provides a short note on computer aided materials selection systems, which help in proper archiving of materials selection decisions for future reference.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003176
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... the value of the Weibull modulus. The higher the Weibull modulus, the more reliable the material (i.e., the higher the Weibull modulus, the less the variation in property within a given section of the component). General Design Rules The most important principle of good casting design is that casting...
Abstract
This article provides general guidelines for casting design to provide progressive solidification, minimize heat concentration, eliminate cores, and prevent distortion. Casting design also affects tolerances. Casting tolerances depend on the alloy being poured, the size of the casting, and the molding method used. Designers can predict the effect of the design on the structure of the final part using solidification simulation models, namely finite element and finite difference models, and rapid prototyping. The article concludes with a short note on how the quality is assured in the foundry.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003264
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... of a material. These mechanical properties determined from tension tests include, but are not limited to, the following: Elastic deformation properties, such as the modulus of elasticity (Young's modulus) and Poisson's ratio Yield strength and ultimate tensile strength Ductility properties...
Abstract
THE TENSION TEST is one of the most commonly used tests for evaluating materials. The material characteristics obtained from tension tests are used for quality control in production, for ranking performance of structural materials, for evaluation of alloys, and for dealing with the static-strength requirements of design. This article describes the stress-strain behavior during a tension test and provides the definition of terms such as stress, force, strain, and elongation. It explains the tensile properties obtained from the test results: the tensile strength and yield strength, which includes offset yield strength, extension-under-load yield strength, and upper yield strength. The article concludes with a description of the general procedures for conducting the tension test based on ASTM standards and the variability of tensile properties.
Book Chapter
Properties Needed for the Design of Static Structures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002468
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... Comparison of materials considered for a cylindrical compression element See Example 2 in text. Material Strength, MPa Elastic modulus, GPa Specific gravity Diameter based on strength, mm Diameter based on buckling, mm Mass based on larger diam, kg Remarks Steels ASTM A 675, grade 45...
Abstract
This article provides a schematic illustration of factors that should be considered in component design. It discusses the effect of component geometry on the behavior of materials and groups the main parameters that affect the value of the factor of safety. The article illustrates the estimation of probability of failure with an example. It reviews the designing and selection of materials for static strength and stiffness. The article also describes the causes of failure of engineering components, including design deficiencies, poor selection of materials, and manufacturing defects.
Book Chapter
Structural Ceramics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001107
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... of various alumina ceramics Alumina content, % Bulk density, g/cm 3 Flexure strength, MPa (ksi) Fracture toughness, MPa m (ksi in. ) Hardness, GPa (10 6 psi) Elastic modulus, GPa (10 6 psi) Thermal conductivity, W/m · K (Btu/ft · h · °F) Linear coefficient of thermal...
Abstract
This article discusses the properties and uses of structural ceramics and the basic processing steps by which they are made. It describes raw material preparation, forming and fabrication, thermal processing, and finishing. It provides information on the composition, microstructure, and properties of aluminum oxides, aluminum titanate, silicon carbide, boron carbide, zirconia, silicon nitride, silicon-aluminum-oxynitride, and several ceramic composites. It also explains how these materials maintain their mechanical strength and dimensional tolerances at high temperatures and how some of their shortcomings are being addressed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002490
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... Crystal structure Theoretical density, g/cm 3 Knoop or Vickers hardness Transverse rupture strength Fracture toughness Young's modulus Poisson's ratio Thermal expansion, 10 −6 /K Thermal conductivity, W/m · K GPa 10 6 psi MPa ksi MPa m ksi in. GPa 10 6 psi Glass...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the steps that are used in ceramics processing and related mechanical design considerations. It discusses various design approaches, such as the empirical design, the deterministic design, and the probabilistic design. The article presents a general process design flowchart for ceramic processing. Information on traditional ceramics and advanced ceramics is also provided. The article describes various ceramic forming processes, such as wet processing, plastic forming, dry processing, and machining. The factors for evaluating different ceramic forming processes are summarized in a table. The article discusses vitrification and sintering that generally pertain to ceramic firing and concludes with a discussion on firing process factors.
Book Chapter
Gray Iron Castings
Available to PurchaseBook: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005323
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... properties of gray cast irons increase with increasing tensile strength from class 20 to class 60 and from 150 to class 400: All strengths, including strength at elevated temperature Ability to be machined to a fine finish Modulus of elasticity Wear resistance On the other hand...
Abstract
This article begins with an overview of classes and applications of gray iron. It discusses the castability of gray iron in terms of section sensitivity and fluidity. The article provides information on the dimensions of prevailing sections recommended for gray irons and reviews the properties and specifications of test bar. Properties of gray iron, such as fatigue limit, pressure tightness, impact resistance, machinability, and dimensional stability, at both room and elevated temperature, are reviewed. Wear behavior of gray iron castings during sliding contact under conditions of normal lubrication is also discussed. The article evaluates the use of alloys and heat treatment to modify as-cast properties. It concludes with information on the physical properties of gray iron castings.
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