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Published: 01 January 1997
Fig. 10 A chart of Young's modulus, E , plotted against density, ρ. Solid materials are plotted at their ( E , ρ) point; shaping them by a factor ϕ moves them to the point ( E /ϕ, ρ/ϕ). All the previous selection strategies still apply. The diagonal line shows M ; the horizontal lines shows
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002452
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
...-modulus, and normalized strength-thermal expansion charts. The article examines the use of material property charts in presenting information in a compact and easily accessible manner. fracture toughness-density chart fracture toughness-modulus chart fracture toughness-strength chart loss...
Abstract
Properties of an engineering material have a characteristic range of values that are conveniently displayed on materials selection charts. This article describes the plotting of data on these charts. It discusses the features of various types of material property charts, namely, modulus-density, strength-density, fracture toughness-density, modulus-strength, specific stiffness-specific strength, fracture toughness-modulus, fracture toughness-strength, loss coefficient-modulus, thermal conductivity-thermal diffusivity, thermal expansion-thermal conductivity, thermal expansion-modulus, and normalized strength-thermal expansion charts. The article examines the use of material property charts in presenting information in a compact and easily accessible manner.
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Published: 01 January 1997
Fig. 1 The idea of a Materials Property Chart: Young's modulus, E , is plotted against the density, ρ, on log scales. Each class of material occupies a characteristic part of the chart. The log scales allow the longitudinal elastic wave velocity v = ( E /ρ) 1/2 to be plotted as a set
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Book Chapter
7097 Plate Alloy
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02b.a0006740
EISBN: 978-1-62708-210-5
... Mechanical properties (A-Basis) for aluminum alloy 7097-T7651 plate Thickness, mm (in.) Tensile strength, F tu (a) , MPa (ksi) Tensile yield F ty (a) , MPa (ksi) Elongation, 4 D (a) , % Toughness, K IC , L-T orientation, MPa √m (ksi √in) Density, g/cm 3 (lb/in 3 ) Young’s modulus, L and LT...
Abstract
Alloy 7097 is a quench insensitive Al-Mg-Zn-Cu-Zr alloy engineered for the most advantageous combination of strength, corrosion resistance, and fracture toughness in thick structural applications. This datasheet provides information on key alloy metallurgy of alloy 7097 and processing effects on mechanical properties of alloy 7097-T7651 plate.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002453
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... cost/kg; E = Young's modulus; ρ = density; ρ e = electrical resistivity; σ y = yield strength; σ e = endurance limit Applying the Indices and Limits: Property Charts The selection is made by creating materials property charts, onto which performance indices are plotted to give a sequence...
Abstract
This article defines performance indices in a formal way and specifies how they are derived. The performance indices for a light, strong tie and a light, stiff beam are presented. The article presents two case studies that illustrate the use of material indices, shape factors, and selection charts to select materials.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003352
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... divided by the density of the material. Specific modulus and specific strength are commonly expressed in units of length, for example, 10 6 meter (Mm). (Units of modulus or strength over density are also used. In SI units, this is Mpa · m 3 /Mg. See the article “Material Property Charts” in Materials...
Abstract
Reinforcing fibers are a key component of polymer-matrix composites (PMCs), ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs), and metal-matrix composites (MMCs). This article discusses the mechanical and nonmechanical properties of these composites. It presents an overview of PMC, CMC, and MMC reinforcing fibers. The article describes cost-considered value-in-use of the ultimate-use temperature of selected fibers in three fiber categories: metal fibers or wires, oxide ceramic fibers, and non-oxide ceramic fibers.
Book Chapter
7099 High-Strength Plate
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02b.a0006741
EISBN: 978-1-62708-210-5
... (27) 29 (26) 27 (25) 39 (35) 33 (30) 30 (27) SCC (ASTM G47) min, MPa (ksi) S-T … 170 (25) 170 (25) … 240 (35) 240 (35) EXCO (ASTM G34) Better or equal EB Better or equal to EA Density, g/cm 3 (lb/in. 3 ) 2.85 (0.103) Young’s modulus, GPa (× 10 6 psi) L 70.3 (10.2...
Abstract
The aluminum alloy 7099 is a Kaiser aluminum high-strength Al-Mg-Zn-Cu alloy with zirconium that offers a less quench-sensitive alloy for properties in thicker sections for airframe structures such as wing ribs, spars, and skins, as well as fuselage frames and floor beams. This datasheet provides information on key alloy metallurgy and processing effects on mechanical properties of this 7xxx series alloy.
Book Chapter
Riser Design
Available to PurchaseBook: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0009016
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... arrived at through modulus calculations must be verified against riser volume charts such as that given in Table 2 . Computerized Methods Over the past 15 years, a virtual revolution has taken place regarding computerized modeling methods. Programs can be grouped into two very general categories...
Abstract
The role of an engineer in designing risers is to make sure that risers provide the feed metal in the right amount, at the right place, and at the right time. This article addresses feed metal volume, riser location, and duration of liquid feed metal. It discusses the three types of feeding systems used in riser design: riser sleeves, topping compounds, and breaker cores.
Book Chapter
Damping Properties
Available to PurchaseBook: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003383
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... modulus and damping are interrelated, both are considered. The vibration properties of concern are the damping and the dynamic modulus, which are defined in Fig. 1 . When subjected to a stress cycle, all materials show a nonsingular relationship between stress and strain. The modulus is given...
Abstract
Damping is the energy dissipation properties of a material or system under cyclic stress. The vibrational and damping characteristics of composites are important in many applications, including ground-based and airborne vehicles, space structures, and sporting goods. This article describes the damping characteristics of unidirectional composites, when they are subjected to longitudinal shear, longitudinal tension/compression, and transverse tension/compression. It presents equations that govern the overall damping capacity of beams that are cut from laminated plates. The article discusses the effect of temperature on damping and provides information on the relationship between damping and strength.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002450
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
..., design for assembly. Source: Ref 1 At the concept level of design, essentially all materials and processes are considered rather broadly. The materials selection methodology and charts developed by Ashby ( Ref 2 ) are highly appropriate at this stage (see the articles “Material Property Charts...
Abstract
This article describes the process of materials selection in relation to the design process, such as materials selection for a new design and materials substitution for an existing design. It reviews the performance characteristics of materials using prototype tests or field tests to determine their performance under actual service conditions. The article describes the selection of a material in relation to the manufacturing process and presents the factors that influence materials selection based on costs and related aspects. These factors include metallurgical requirements, dimensions, processing, quantity, packing, marking, and loading. The article discusses how the needs for materials data evolve as a design proceeds from conceptual to detail design. It describes the methods of materials selection, namely, cost per unit property method, weighted property index method, and limits on properties method.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006056
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
.... Particle size and organic binder content influence powder properties such as bulk density and flowability. Tap density according to ASTM B527, “Standard Test Method for Determination of Tap Density of Metal Powders and Compounds,” ( Ref 1 ) quantifies the bulk density of a powder that has settled...
Abstract
Quality control of cemented carbides includes the evaluation of physical and chemical properties of constituent raw material powders, powder blends/formulations, green compacts, and fully dense finished product. This article provides a summary of the underlying principles and size ranges for the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard methods of particle sizing and distribution. It presents the methods used to analyze the chemical composition of cemented carbide materials in a tabular form. The article also presents information on microstructural evaluation and physical and mechanical property evaluation of cemented carbides.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003005
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... 0.71 1.24 Silicon 0.17 0.30 Polystyrene (PS) 0.64 1.12 ABS 0.16 0.28 Zinc (ingot) 0.64 1.12 Mild steel (ingot) 0.14 0.25 High-density polyethylene (HDPE) 0.62 1.09 Amino resin thermoset 0.13 0.23 Polypropylene (PP) 0.57 1.00 Cast iron 0.11 0.19 Natural rubber...
Abstract
The selection of engineered materials is an integrated process that requires an understanding of the interaction between materials properties, manufacturing characteristics, design considerations, and the total life cycle of the product. This article classifies various engineered materials, including ferrous alloys, nonferrous alloys, ceramics, cermets and cemented carbides, engineering plastics, polymer-matrix composites, metal-matrix composites, ceramic-matrix and carbon-carbon composites, and reviews their general property characteristics and applications. It describes the synergy between the elements of the materials selection process and presents a general comparison of material properties. Finally, the article provides a short note on computer aided materials selection systems, which help in proper archiving of materials selection decisions for future reference.
Book Chapter
Engineering Tables: Ceramics and Glasses
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003004
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... Material Density, g/cm 3 Melting point Maximum service temperature Thermal conductivity, W/m · K Coefficient of linear thermal expansion, from 25 to 800 °C (77 to 1470 °F), 10 −6 /°C Specific heat (mean) at 25 to 1000 °C (77 to 1830 °F), J/kg · °C Hardness, Mohs scale °C °F °C °F At 100 °C...
Abstract
This article is a comprehensive collection of engineering property data in tabulated form for ceramics and glasses. Data are provided for physical and mechanical properties of ceramic materials and color of ceramics fired under oxidizing and reducing conditions. The article also lists the materials characterization techniques for ceramics and glasses.
Book Chapter
Structural Ceramics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001107
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... of various alumina ceramics Alumina content, % Bulk density, g/cm 3 Flexure strength, MPa (ksi) Fracture toughness, MPa m (ksi in. ) Hardness, GPa (10 6 psi) Elastic modulus, GPa (10 6 psi) Thermal conductivity, W/m · K (Btu/ft · h · °F) Linear coefficient of thermal...
Abstract
This article discusses the properties and uses of structural ceramics and the basic processing steps by which they are made. It describes raw material preparation, forming and fabrication, thermal processing, and finishing. It provides information on the composition, microstructure, and properties of aluminum oxides, aluminum titanate, silicon carbide, boron carbide, zirconia, silicon nitride, silicon-aluminum-oxynitride, and several ceramic composites. It also explains how these materials maintain their mechanical strength and dimensional tolerances at high temperatures and how some of their shortcomings are being addressed.
Book Chapter
Properties Needed for the Design of Static Structures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002468
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
..., where ρ is the density of the material. In such cases, the weight of a member of a given stiffness can be easily shown to be proportional to ρ/ E and can be reduced by selecting a material with lower density or higher elastic modulus. When the component is subjected to bending, the dependence...
Abstract
This article provides a schematic illustration of factors that should be considered in component design. It discusses the effect of component geometry on the behavior of materials and groups the main parameters that affect the value of the factor of safety. The article illustrates the estimation of probability of failure with an example. It reviews the designing and selection of materials for static strength and stiffness. The article also describes the causes of failure of engineering components, including design deficiencies, poor selection of materials, and manufacturing defects.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002490
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... Crystal structure Theoretical density, g/cm 3 Knoop or Vickers hardness Transverse rupture strength Fracture toughness Young's modulus Poisson's ratio Thermal expansion, 10 −6 /K Thermal conductivity, W/m · K GPa 10 6 psi MPa ksi MPa m ksi in. GPa 10 6 psi Glass...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the steps that are used in ceramics processing and related mechanical design considerations. It discusses various design approaches, such as the empirical design, the deterministic design, and the probabilistic design. The article presents a general process design flowchart for ceramic processing. Information on traditional ceramics and advanced ceramics is also provided. The article describes various ceramic forming processes, such as wet processing, plastic forming, dry processing, and machining. The factors for evaluating different ceramic forming processes are summarized in a table. The article discusses vitrification and sintering that generally pertain to ceramic firing and concludes with a discussion on firing process factors.
Book Chapter
Engineering Tables: Polymeric Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003002
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... Material Specific gravity Tensile strength Elongation, % Modulus of elasticity Izod impact strength (notched) MPa ksi MPa ksi J/cm ft · lbf/in. Acetal copolymer 1.41 61 8.8 40–75 2830 410 0.64–0.85 1.2–1.6 Acetal homopolymer 1.42 69 10 25–50 3585 520 0.75 1.4...
Abstract
This article is a comprehensive collection of engineering tables providing information on the mechanical properties of and the techniques for processing and characterizing polymeric materials, such as thermosets, thermoset-matrix unidirectional advanced composites, and unreinforced and carbon-and glass-reinforced engineering thermoplastics. Values are also provided for chemical resistance ratings for selected plastics and metals, and hardness of selected elastomers.
Book Chapter
Overview of Mechanical Properties and Testing for Design
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003257
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... in Table 4 . Sonic methods also offer an alternative and more accurate measurement of elastic properties, because the velocity of an extensional sound wave (i.e., longitudinal wave speed, V L ) is directly related to the square root of the ratio of elastic modulus and density as follows: (Eq 8...
Abstract
An integral aspect of designing and material selection is the use of mechanical properties derived from various mechanical testing. This article introduces the basic concepts of mechanical design and its relation with the properties derived from various mechanical testings, namely, tensile, compressive, hardness, torsion and bend, shear load, shock, and fatigue and creep testings. It describes the design criteria for combined properties derived from each of the mechanical testing. The article concludes with a discussion on the effect of environment on the mechanical properties.
Book Chapter
Nanoindentation Hardness, Strain-Rate Sensitivity, and Corrosion Response of Additively Manufactured Metals
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006952
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
... records the indentation load ( P ) against the penetration depth of the indenter tip ( h ). Employing Oliver-Pharr equations ( Ref 1 , 2 ), the recorded P - h data can be converted to nanohardness (indentation hardness and Vickers hardness) and reduced modulus values. Because of recent advancements...
Abstract
This article provides a detailed discussion on nanoindentation hardness, high-strain-rate behavior and strain-rate sensitivity, and corrosion response of additively manufactured (AM) metals. It summarizes the most commonly used AM alloys for applications in harsh environments and their respective corrosion responses in various service environments. It also provides several case studies on location-dependent properties, microstructural evolution, and indentation strain-rate sensitivity of various additively manufactured alloys.
Book Chapter
Mechanical Testing of Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003330
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... a couple of the most critical characteristics that define a product and strive for comparison against historical values rather than absolute properties. Many QC tests do not measure absolute mechanical properties. For example, flexural strength and modulus do not in general coincide with the strength...
Abstract
This article begins with a review of the purposes of mechanical characterization tests and the general considerations related to the mechanical properties of anisotropic systems, specimen fabrication, equipment and fixturing, environmental conditioning, and analysis of test results. It provides information on the specimen preparation, instrumentation, and procedures for various mechanical test methods of fiber-reinforced composites. These include the compression test, flexure test, shear test, open hole tension test, and compression after impact test. The article describes three distinct fracture modes, namely, crack opening mode, shearing mode, and tearing mode. It presents an overview of fatigue testing and fatigue damage mechanisms of composite materials and reviews the types of mechanical measurements that can be made during the course of testing to assess fatigue damage. The article concludes with a discussion on the split-Hopkinson pressure bar test.
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