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modulus of elasticity
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005412
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... parameter, such as shear modulus, bonding energy, and transformations, for prediction of interface structures. It provides information on the application of the atomistic modeling of interface structure to predict interface reaction mechanisms. localization parameter interface structures interface...
Abstract
This article summarizes a physical model of an interface structure and shows how the model helps in optimizing atomistic modeling studies. It presents the orientation relationship of the interface structure to define the mutual crystallographic position of adjacent crystals. The article describes the model-informed atomistic modeling of the interface structures for interpolating the results of atomistic modeling to predict the properties of interfaces. Theories to predict low-energy orientation relationships are described. The article discusses the use of the localization parameter, such as shear modulus, bonding energy, and transformations, for prediction of interface structures. It provides information on the application of the atomistic modeling of interface structure to predict interface reaction mechanisms.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003138
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract Magnesium and magnesium alloys have been employed in a wide variety of structural applications because of their favorable combination of tensile strength, elastic modulus, and low density. Providing a brief section on occurrence, production, and uses of magnesium, this article...
Abstract
Magnesium and magnesium alloys have been employed in a wide variety of structural applications because of their favorable combination of tensile strength, elastic modulus, and low density. Providing a brief section on occurrence, production, and uses of magnesium, this article describes alloy and temper designations of cast and wrought magnesium alloys. The role of mechanical properties and fabrication characteristics in selection of product forms for structural applications is covered. The article explores the use of magnesium alloys as a substitution for heavier metals such as steel and aluminum alloys to reduce weight in structural parts.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003025
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... material generally behaves as a ductile material in a compression test because the microcracks that fail in tension do not exist in compression. The values for modulus of elasticity and compressive strength are higher than those in tensile measurements. When there is no brittle failure, the compressive...
Abstract
Mechanical properties are often the most important properties in the design and selection of engineering plastics. Temperature, molecular structure, crystallinity, viscoelasticity, and effects of environment, fillers and reinforcements are considered as the basic factors affecting the mechanical properties of engineering plastics. The testing methods for determining mechanical properties, including stress-strain test, modulus-directed tensile test, strength test, strength-directed tensile test, impact test, and dynamic mechanical test are discussed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003044
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... should follow the manufacturer's recommendations. Gages and adhesives have been used on composites at temperatures from liquid helium (4.2 K) to 589 K ( Ref 10 , 11 ). Higher-temperature systems are available and have been used on an experimental basis ( Ref 10 ). The modulus of elasticity and shear...
Abstract
Tensile testing of fiber-reinforced composite materials is performed to determine uniaxial tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and Poisson’s ratio relative to principal material directions, and helps in the prediction of the properties of laminates. Beginning with an overview of the fundamentals of tensile testing of fiber-reinforced composites, this article describes environmental exposures that can occur during specimen preparation and testing. These include exposures during specimen preparation, and planned exposure such as moisture, damage (impact), and thermal cycling. The article also discusses the test methods of the four major types of mechanical testing of polymer-matrix composites: tensile, compression, flexural, and shear.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003165
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract Beryllium possesses an unusual combination of physical and mechanical properties, suiting it for specialized applications where its relatively high cost can be justified. It has very low density, a moderately high melting point, high elastic modulus, and good electrical and thermal...
Abstract
Beryllium possesses an unusual combination of physical and mechanical properties, suiting it for specialized applications where its relatively high cost can be justified. It has very low density, a moderately high melting point, high elastic modulus, and good electrical and thermal conductivity. The article describes structural, instrument, and optical grade beryllium and the corresponding compositional ranges. It also discusses processing and product forms as well as factors affecting corrosion resistance. The article concludes with a short note on health and safety considerations when handling beryllium.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003003
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... physical properties reinforcement materials thermal properties Table 1 Properties of key reinforcement materials Material Density Elastic modulus Specific modulus (axial) Axial Transverse g/cm 3 lb/in. 3 GPa 10 6 psi GPa 10 6 psi GPa 10 6 psi Carbon fiber (pitch...
Abstract
This article is a compilation of tables containing property data for major reinforcement materials, including high-modulus fibers, carbon fibers, graphite fibers, glass fibers, ceramic short fibers and whiskers. Data are provided for physical, mechanical, chemical, thermal and electrical properties of these materials. Maximum service temperatures of whisker reinforcements also are provided.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001297
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... are produced by microelectronic fabrication methods. In such test, a Nanoindenter device can be employed that applies the load to the free end of the cantilever beam and simultaneously measures the deflection ( Fig. 3 ). The elastic modulus and the yield strength of the material are determined from...
Abstract
This article focuses on the evaluation of mechanical properties of freestanding films and films adherent to their substrates. Common methods of testing freestanding films, including uniaxial tensile testing, uniaxial creep testing, biaxial testing, and beam-bending methods, are discussed. For films which are adherent to their substrates, indentation testing is used to evaluate hardness, creep, and strength.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4E
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04e.a0006277
EISBN: 978-1-62708-169-6
..., high strength-to-weight ratio (i.e., high specific strength), low modulus of elasticity, and superior corrosion resistance, have found increasingly widespread applications in aerospace components, including gas turbines, airframes, and, more recently, landing gears, as well as in petrochemical, medical...
Abstract
This article describes the integration of thermodynamic modeling, mobility database, and phase-transformation crystallography into phase-field modeling and its combination with transformation texture modeling to predict phase equilibrium, phase transformation, microstructure evolution, and transformation texture development during heat treatment of multicomponent alpha/beta and beta titanium alloys. It includes quantitative description of Burgers orientation relationship and path, discussion of lattice correspondence between the alpha and beta phases, and determination of the total number of Burgers correspondence variants and orientation variants. The article also includes calculation of the transformation strain with contributions from defect structures developed at alpha/beta interfaces as a precipitates grow in size. In the CALculation of PHAse Diagram (CALPHAD) framework, the Gibbs free energies and atomic mobilities are established as functions of temperature, pressure, and composition and serve directly as key inputs of any microstructure modeling. The article presents examples of the integrated computation tool set in simulating microstructural evolution.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4E
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04e.a0006271
EISBN: 978-1-62708-169-6
... conductivity Heat capacity Density as well as phase transformation data: Temperatures and times of beginning and end of phase transformations (TTT diagrams) Transformation heat Transformation strain in addition to mechanical data: Thermal expansion Young's modulus...
Abstract
Heat treatment simulation helps to predict heat treatment results such as component microstructures, properties, residual stresses, and distortion, and thereby assists in reducing experimental effort in defining heat treatment parameters. This article discusses the modeling and simulation of age hardening as being the most important heat treatment to strengthen aluminum alloys. It provides information on the heat treatment simulation model, the yield strength model based on the responsible strengthening mechanisms, and the flow curve model based on mechanical tests. The article also discusses simulation of the quenching process, and provides examples for aluminum quenching simulation.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4E
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04e.a0006270
EISBN: 978-1-62708-169-6
... titanium are largely unaffected by processing. Elastic properties are affected mainly by chemistry and texture (preferred crystallographic orientation) but not by heat treatment, except for the beta alloys. The modulus of titanium depends mainly on alloy type (beta versus alpha), which can vary from as low...
Abstract
The response of titanium and titanium alloys to heat treatment depends on the composition of the metal, the effects of the alloying elements on the alpha-beta crystal transformation, and the thermomechanical processing utilized during processing of the alloy. This article provides a detailed discussion on the effects of heat treatment on the mechanical properties for three general classes of titanium alloys, namely, alpha and near-alpha titanium alloys, alpha-beta alloys, and beta alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005950
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... elastic, (visco)plastic, thermal, and phase-transformation strains, each of which is governed by its own set of governing and complementary equations. Inoue et al. ( Ref 169 ), Denis et al. ( Ref 54 ), Leblond et al. ( Ref 23 , 24 ), and Şimşir and Gür ( Ref 158 ) afford the details. The most...
Abstract
This article describes the fundamental concepts of heat treatment simulation, including the physical events and their interactions, the heat treatment simulation software, and the commonly used simulation strategies. It summarizes material data needed for heat treatment simulations and discusses reliable data sources as well as experimental and computational methods for material data acquisition. The article provides information on the process data needed for accurate heat treatment simulation and the methods for their determination. Methods for validating heat treatment simulations are also discussed with an emphasis on the underlying philosophy for the selection and design of validation tests. The article also discusses the applications, capabilities, and limitations of heat treatment simulations via selected industrial case studies for a better understanding of the effect of microstructure, distortion, residual stress, and cracking in gears, shafts, and bearing rings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005686
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
... affect processing properties such as viscosity and cure rates. Mechanical properties, such as tensile and impact strength, elastic modulus, hardness, and bond strength, can also vary with changes in MWD ( Ref 6 ). Gel permeation chromatography can be used to qualify incoming resins or device components...
Abstract
This article provides the background of biological evaluation of medical devices. It discusses what the ISO 10993 standards require for polymeric biomaterials and presents examples of what qualitative and quantitative tests can be used to satisfy the requirements. The article describes infrared (IR) analysis and thermal analyses that are used extensively to fingerprint polymeric materials and should be a part of all polymeric biomaterials characterization programs. It also provides a discussion on the chemical characterization and risk assessment of extracts. Background information on risk assessments of extracts is also included. The four basic steps that are commonly used in the risk assessment process are discussed. These steps include hazard identification, dose-response assessment, and exposure assessment, and risk characterization.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005401
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... performance (e.g., strength, elastic modulus, ductility, fracture toughness) of metallic materials. Crystallographic texture, or simply texture for succinctness, may arise as a result of large-strain deformation, dynamic/static recrystallization, grain growth, or phase transformation ( Ref 1 ). A second form...
Abstract
The modeling and simulation of texture evolution for titanium alloys is often tightly coupled to microstructure evolution. This article focuses on a number of problems for titanium alloys in which such coupling is critical in the development of quantitative models. It discusses the phase equilibria, crystallography, and deformation behavior of titanium and titanium alloys. The article describes the modeling and simulation of recrystallization and grain growth of single-phase beta and single-phase alpha titanium. The deformation- and transformation-texture evolution of two-phase (alpha/beta) titanium alloys are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005409
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... f α volume fraction of alpha G growth rate during phase transformation G s shear modulus J mass flux K strength coefficient k rate constant in Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) equation ( Eq 23 ) k B Boltzmann's constant k LSW Lifshitz, Slyosov...
Abstract
This article focuses on the modeling of microstructure evolution during thermomechanical processing in the two-phase field for alpha/beta and beta titanium alloys. It also discusses the mechanisms of spheroidization, the coarsening, particle growth, and phase decomposition in titanium alloys, with their corresponding equations.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006446
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... use of the material, and it is considered damaged. Changes in microstructure could lead to additional excess acoustic nonlinearity without exerting any significant influence on its linear acoustic properties, such as elastic modulus, sound velocity, and attenuation. Because excess acoustic...
Abstract
Nonlinear ultrasonic nondestructive examination (NDE) techniques are based on nonlinear interaction of ultrasonic waves with the material to be characterized and defects to be detected. This article introduces the basic principles of nonlinear material-wave interaction, the origin of intrinsic nonlinearity in intact solids, and the main mechanisms of excess nonlinearity in damaged metals. It describes the measurement methods for nonlinear ultrasonic materials characterization and flaw-detection. The article schematically illustrates the instrumentation used for measurements of longitudinal wave and Rayleigh surface acoustic waves. It concludes with information on the applications of nonlinear ultrasonics.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003024
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... relationships. Although close correspondences exist between the theories of viscoelasticity and elasticity, there are differences that have important ramifications for properties and testing. Thus, for example, concepts such as modulus, yield point, and tensile stress-strain, which have an established role...
Abstract
This article discusses the deformation and viscoelastic characteristics of plastics as polymeric materials, focusing on the test methods used for the evaluation of their mechanical properties, methods available for analytically predicting the deformation response of polymers, and the effect of viscoelasticity on the test methods used. Two common ways of evaluating viscoelasticity of plastics are by means of creep experiments and dynamic mechanical experiments. Graphic or tabular analysis of test data, time-temperature superposition, and empirical correlation methods are commonly employed for analytical prediction of deformation characteristics of polymers.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003086
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... has sustained elastic deformation ) and amount of strain is directly proportional to the amount of stress placed on the crystal or object. This proportionality is called Hooke's law (after Robert Hooke). The relation between applied stress and elastic strain is called the modulus of...
Abstract
Material properties are the link between the basic structure and composition of the material and the service performance of a part or component. This article describes the most significant properties that must be considered when choosing a metal for a given application, namely physical properties (mass characteristics and thermal, electrical, magnetic, radiation, and optical properties), chemical properties (corrosion and oxidation resistance) and mechanical properties (tensile and yield strength, elongation, toughness, hardness, creep, and fatigue). The article also contains tables that list room-temperature physical properties, vapor pressures, and mechanical properties for various metals.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001241
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... conditions that prevent the generation of cracks rather than minimizing or controlling crack propagation. Stiffness is the resistance to deformation. It is often measured as the elastic modulus, or the slope of the stress-strain curve. Because most finishing methods require application of force for surface...
Abstract
This article focuses on the influence of various work material properties, namely, hardness; toughness; stiffness; ductility; thermal, electrical, and magnetic properties; and microstructure effects on finishing methods. It also addresses the relative response of work materials, such as metals, ceramics, and composites, to grinding.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003066
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... ZB5 … 3.7 75 11 30 17 15 … 36 … 4 ZrO 2 (a) Balance is SiO 2 . Table 17 Machinable glass-ceramics Product type Manufacturer Density, g/cm 3 Coefficient of thermal expansion, 10 −6 /K Modulus of rupture Elastic modulus Composition (a) MPa ksi GPa 10 6...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003032
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... × 5 9 = μin./in. × °F. Source: Ref 37 Fig. 59 Initial elastic tensile modulus versus temperature for thermoset phenolic resin-matrix composites with graphite fabric reinforcements Fig. 60 Coefficient of thermal expansion versus temperature with ply—low heating rates for...
Abstract
The design and analysis of aerospace and industrial composite components and assemblies requires a detailed knowledge of materials properties, which, in turn, depend on the manufacturing, machining, and assembly methods used. This article, through several tables and graphs, provides the mechanical properties, physical properties, and service characteristics of representative composite fiber-resin combinations, including thermoplastic matrix composites such as thermoplastic polyester resins, thermoplastic polyamide resins, and thermoplastic polysulfone resins, and thermoset matrix composites such as thermoset polyester resins, thermoset phenolic resins, thermoset epoxy resins, thermoset polyimide resins, and thermoset bismaleimide resins.