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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006418
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... Abstract Cemented carbides, best known for their superior wear resistance, have a range of industrial uses more diverse than that of any other powder metallurgy product including metalworking and mining tools and wear-resistant components. This article discusses raw materials and manufacturing...
Abstract
Cemented carbides, best known for their superior wear resistance, have a range of industrial uses more diverse than that of any other powder metallurgy product including metalworking and mining tools and wear-resistant components. This article discusses raw materials and manufacturing methods used in the production of cemented carbides, the physical and mechanical properties of carbides, and wear mechanisms encountered in service. Emphasis is placed on tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC-Co) or tungsten carbide-nickel (WC-Ni) materials as used in nonmachining applications. Nominal composition and properties of representative cemented carbide grades and their applications are listed in a table.
Book Chapter
Modeling of Tensile Properties
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005455
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... Abstract A computational tool would require the contribution of the strengthening mechanisms of metallic material to be predicted and then summed in an appropriate way to derive an estimate of the tensile properties. This article focuses on the modeling of deformation mechanisms pertinent...
Abstract
A computational tool would require the contribution of the strengthening mechanisms of metallic material to be predicted and then summed in an appropriate way to derive an estimate of the tensile properties. This article focuses on the modeling of deformation mechanisms pertinent to structural materials, namely, solid-solution strengthening, age/precipitation hardening, dispersion strengthening, grain size reduction, strengthening from cold work, and strengthening from interfaces. It explains the application of predictive models in the atomistic modeling of dislocation structures and cast aluminum property prediction. The article concludes with information on the use of rules-based approaches and data-mining techniques for quantitative predictions of tensile properties.
Book Chapter
Cobalt and Cobalt Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003148
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
..., cemented carbides, magnetic materials, low-expansion alloys, and high-speed tool steels. cobalt cobalt alloys corrosion-resistant alloys high-temperature alloys mechanical properties mining special-purpose alloys superalloys uses of cobalt wear-resistant alloys COBALT is a tough silvery...
Abstract
Cobalt finds its use in various applications owing to its magnetic properties, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, and its strength at elevated temperatures. This article discusses the mining and processing of cobalt and cobalt alloys. It describes the types of cobalt alloys, including wear-resistant alloys, high-temperature alloys, corrosion-resistant alloys, and special-purpose alloys. The article provides data on the chemical composition, mechanical properties, and physical properties of these alloys. Further, it provides information on the uses of cobalt in superalloys, cemented carbides, magnetic materials, low-expansion alloys, and high-speed tool steels.
Book Chapter
Corrosion in the Mining and Mineral Industry
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004219
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... and grinding service, various types of cast (hard) iron grinding balls and mill liners, hardenable and carburized grades of low-alloy steel gears and geared transmissions mining machinery, steel and carbide tools and drills, high-nickel and cobalt hardfacing alloys, stainless steel leaching tanks and pumps...
Abstract
This article describes the corrosion of principal parts of mining equipment such as mine shafts, wire rope, rock bolts, and pump and piping systems. It discusses the diagnosis and prevention of various types of corrosion including uniform corrosion, pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion, erosion-corrosion, and intergranular corrosion. The article explains the corrosion in tanks, reactor vessels, cyclic loading machinery, and pressure leaching equipment.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001104
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... are used to compact the cemented carbide grade powders to the desired shape. Carbide tools for mining and construction applications are pill pressed (pressure applied in one direction) in semiautomatic or automatic presses. Metal cutting inserts are also pill pressed, but may require additional shaping...
Abstract
Cemented carbides belong to a class of hard, wear-resistant, refractory materials in which the hard carbide particles are bound together, or cemented, by a soft and ductile metal binder. The performance of cemented carbide as a cutting tool lies between that of tool steel and cermets. Almost 50% of the total production of cemented carbides is used for nonmetal cutting applications. Their properties also make them appropriate materials for structural components, including plungers, boring bars, powder compacting dies and punches, high-pressure dies and punches, and pulverizing hammers. This article discusses the manufacture, microstructure, composition, classifications, and physical and mechanical properties of cemented carbides, as well as their machining and nonmachining applications. It examines the relationship between the workpiece material, cutting tool and operational parameters, and provides suggestions to simplify the choice of cutting tool for a given machining application. It also examines new tool geometries, tailored substrates, and the application of thin, hard coatings to cemented carbides by chemical vapor deposition and physical vapor deposition. It discusses the tool wear mechanisms and the methods available for holding the carbide tool. The article is limited to tungsten carbide cobalt-base materials.
Image
Small and poorly defined quasi-cleavage facets connected by shallow dimples...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1987
Fig. 37 Small and poorly defined quasi-cleavage facets connected by shallow dimples on the surface of a type 234 tool steel. (D.-E. Huang, Fuxin Mining Institute, and C.R. Brooks, University of Tennessee).
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Image
Examples of the dimple rupture mode of fracture. (a) Large and small dimple...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1987
Fig. 2 Examples of the dimple rupture mode of fracture. (a) Large and small dimples on the fracture surface of a martempered type 234 tool steel saw disk. The extremely small dimples at top left are nucieated by numerous, closely spaced particles. (D.-W. Huang, Fuxin Mining Institute, and C.R
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Book Chapter
Heat Treatment of Secondary-Hardening High-Alloy Tool Steels
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006128
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... Abstract High-potential high-alloy tool steels (HATS) containing martensitic microstructure with undissolved hard phases are achieved by a number of complex heat treating cycles, predominantly tempering. This article focuses on three tempering treatments, namely, salt bath heat treatment...
Abstract
High-potential high-alloy tool steels (HATS) containing martensitic microstructure with undissolved hard phases are achieved by a number of complex heat treating cycles, predominantly tempering. This article focuses on three tempering treatments, namely, salt bath heat treatment, austenitizing, and vacuum heat treatment. It explains the result of these tempering processes with HSS M2 grade of HATS.
Book Chapter
Properties and Selection of Cemented Carbides
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006064
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... to tools used for oil and natural gas exploration, mining, and construction. These applications represent the second largest market segment that uses WC-Co tools. The temperature of the tool near the cutting edge is much lower than in metal cutting operations. In certain oil and gas drilling procedures...
Abstract
Cemented carbide is, in its simplest form, a metal-matrix composite of tungsten carbide particles in a cobalt matrix. This article describes the microstructure, physical, and mechanical properties of cemented carbides. The properties discussed include thermal conductivity, magnetic properties, corrosion resistance, hardness, fracture toughness, wear resistance, and thermal shock resistance. The article concludes with information on the applications, grade classification, and selection of grades.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002122
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
...,” Technical Paper MF 81-137, Society of Manufacturing Engineers , 1981 , p 1 – 22 3. Dax F.R. , Haswell W.T. , and Stasko W. , Cobalt-Free CPM High Speed Steels , in Processing and Properties of High Speed Tool Steels , The Metallurgical Society of the American Institute of Mining...
Abstract
This article describes procedures for producing powder metallurgy high-speed tool steel powder by inert-gas atomization, followed by compaction by hot isostatic pressing. These include the anti-segregation process (ASP) and the crucible particle metallurgy (CPM) process. The article reviews the properties of ASP and CPM and summarizes the procedures to heat treat ASP high-speed tool steels. It discusses the processing steps, advantages, and applications of the FULDENS process that uses water-atomized powders compacted by vacuum sintering. The article also provides information on the applications of tool steels.
Book Chapter
Carbide- and Boride-Based Thick Coatings for Abrasive Wear-Protection Applications
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006364
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
..., repair of tool surfaces 5 NiBSi + FTC Deposition welding (PTAW, FCAW, GMAW), electric arc spraying, flame spraying Protection of excavator shovels for mining brown coal 5 Ni + WC HVOF spraying, electric arc spraying, brazing, deposition welding (PTAW, FCAW) Protection of surfaces against...
Abstract
This article provides a brief introduction to abrasive wear-resistant coating materials that contain a large amount of hard phases, such as borides, carbides, or carboborides. It describes some of the commonly used methods of producing thick wear-resistant coatings. The article also provides information on metal-matrix composites and cemented carbides. The three base-alloying concepts, including cobalt-, iron-, and nickel-base alloys used for wear-protection applications, are also described. The article compares the tribomechanical properties of the materials in a qualitative manner, thus allowing a rough materials selection for practitioners. It presents a brief discussion on hot isostatic pressing (HIP) cladding, sinter cladding, and manufacturing of thick wear-resistant coatings by extrusion or ring rolling. The article also discusses the processing sequence of thick wear-resistant coatings, namely, compound casting, deposition welding, and thermal spraying.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003431
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... on composite cure tooling that is fabricated from steel, aluminum, or high-temperature composite materials. The quality assurance for commercial applications is reviewed. The article concludes with a discussion on data fusion systems designed to provide nondestructive analysis data from fabrication...
Abstract
This article presents the importance of progressing from post-manufacturing inspection/verification to in-process inspection/verification methods. It lists the various quality assurance factors considered for typical composite laminate lay-up process. The article provides information on composite cure tooling that is fabricated from steel, aluminum, or high-temperature composite materials. The quality assurance for commercial applications is reviewed. The article concludes with a discussion on data fusion systems designed to provide nondestructive analysis data from fabrication and assembly processes for each individual composite part.
Book Chapter
Tool Steels: Atlas of Fractographs
Available to PurchaseBook: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0000613
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
... Abstract This article is an atlas of fractographs that helps in understanding the causes and mechanisms of fracture of tool steels and in identifying and interpreting the morphology of fracture surfaces. The fractographs illustrate the low-cycle and high-cycle fatigue fractures, tension...
Abstract
This article is an atlas of fractographs that helps in understanding the causes and mechanisms of fracture of tool steels and in identifying and interpreting the morphology of fracture surfaces. The fractographs illustrate the low-cycle and high-cycle fatigue fractures, tension-overload fractures, impact fractures, microstructure, quench cracking, brittle-in-service failure, hydrogen embrittlement, stress-corrosion cracking, and grain-boundary cracking of tool steel components. These components include diesel engine injector plungers, rivet-heading tools, circular saw blades, and open-header dies.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001092
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... at the Freiburg School of Mines in Germany while they were checking local zinc ores for thallium by spectrograph. The new element was named indium from the characteristics indigo blue lines of its spectrum. Subsequent work on flue dusts from the zinc works in Goslar, Germany yielded the pure metal, which...
Abstract
This article focuses on the use of indium and bismuth in low-melting-temperature solders and fusible alloys. It describes how the two elements typically occur in nature and how they are recovered and processed for commercial use. It also provides information on designations, classification, composition, properties (including temperatures ranges), and some of the other ways in which indium and bismuth alloys are used.
Book Chapter
Effects of Alloying on Powder Metallurgy Tool Steels
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006129
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... Abstract This article describes the effects of undissolved carbides formed by segregation of alloying elements on the hardness of the powder-metallurgical (PM) high-alloy tool steels (HATS). It explains the calculation of exact stoichiometric carbon content that depends on the required...
Abstract
This article describes the effects of undissolved carbides formed by segregation of alloying elements on the hardness of the powder-metallurgical (PM) high-alloy tool steels (HATS). It explains the calculation of exact stoichiometric carbon content that depends on the required martensite hardness, amount of carbon forming alloying elements, types of undissolved carbides during austenitizing, and the densities of the carbides. Microhardness values for carbides in HATS are also listed.
Book Chapter
Cemented Carbides and Cermets
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003152
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... carbides is now used for nonmetal cutting applications such as metalforming dies, punches, and rolls, transportation and construction, mining, oil and gas drilling, forestry tools, and fluid-handling components. The majority of cemented carbides used for nonmachining applications are uncoated, straight WC...
Abstract
Cemented carbides belong to a class of hard, wear-resistant, refractory materials in which the hard carbide particles are bound together, or cemented, by a ductile metal binder. Cermet refers to a composite of a ceramic material with a metallic binder. This article discusses the manufacture, composition, classifications, and physical and mechanical properties of cemented carbides. It describes the application of hard coatings to cemented carbides by physical or chemical vapor deposition (PVD or CVD). Tungsten carbide-cobalt alloys, submicron tungsten carbide-cobalt alloys, and alloys containing tungsten carbide, titanium carbide, and cobalt are used for machining applications. The article also provides an overview of cermets used in machining applications.
Book Chapter
Elements of the Machining Process
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003187
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract Fundamental to the machining process, is the metal-cutting operation, which involves extensive plastic deformation of the work piece ahead of the tool tip, high temperatures, and severe frictional conditions at the interfaces of the tool, chip, and work piece. This article explains...
Abstract
Fundamental to the machining process, is the metal-cutting operation, which involves extensive plastic deformation of the work piece ahead of the tool tip, high temperatures, and severe frictional conditions at the interfaces of the tool, chip, and work piece. This article explains that the basic mechanism of chip formation is shear deformation, which is controlled by work material properties such as yield strength, shear strength, friction behavior, hardness, and ductility. It describes various chip types, as well as the cutting parameters that influence chip formation. It also demonstrates how the service life of cutting tools is determined by a number of wear processes, including tool wear, machining parameters, and tool force and power requirements. It concludes by presenting a comprehensive collection of formulas for turning, milling, drilling, and broaching, and its average unit power requirement.
Book Chapter
Techno-Economic Issues in Materials Selection
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002451
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... tools employ detailed theoretical and empirical relationships to estimate the engineering performance of a product as a function of its geometry and materials. Through such analyses, the designer attempts to fine tune the design in order to achieve the precise combination of desired characteristics...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of cost analysis in materials selection. It discusses the several categories of alternatives for cost analysis. These include rules of thumb, accounting methods, and analytical methods. The article describes the methods for evaluating materials alternatives on the basis of both direct economic costs and indirect social costs. It considers the life cycle costs of alternative body-in-white designs and life cycle analysis. The various elements of cost are introduced with a case study concerned with the manufacture, use, and disposal of the automobile body-in-white.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003847
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... Abstract Natural and synthetic rubber linings are used extensively in many industries for their corrosion and/or abrasion resistance. These industries include transportation, chemical processing, water treatment, power, mineral processing, and mining. This article provides information on soft...
Abstract
Natural and synthetic rubber linings are used extensively in many industries for their corrosion and/or abrasion resistance. These industries include transportation, chemical processing, water treatment, power, mineral processing, and mining. This article provides information on soft natural rubber, semihard natural rubber, hard natural rubber, neoprene or polychloroprene, chlorobutyl, three-ply linings, nitrile, and ethylene propylene with a diene monomer. Emphasis is placed on advantages, disadvantages, and common uses of each material discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003797
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... for a wide range of wear applications including metalcutting, mining, construction, rock drilling, metal forming, structural and fluid-handling components, and wear parts. Metallographic Considerations The fine scale of cemented carbide microstructures necessitates the use of the highest practical...
Abstract
This article contains tables that list standard reduction potentials for electrochemical reactions. The first table lists reactions alphabetically by element of interest. The second table is ranked by potential value. Potential is measured versus the Standard Hydrogen Electrode which has a value of 0.0000 V. Reactions with more than one voltage indicate that results have not been reconciled. Parenthetical materials not needed to balance reactions are catalysts.
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