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mineral acids
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Image
Published: 01 January 1994
Fig. 10 Corroding effect of mineral acids on boronized and nonboronized (a) 0.45% C (Ck 45) steel and (b) 18Cr-9Ni (X10CrNiTi189) steel at 56 °C (130 °F). Source: Ref 17 , 18
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Image
Published: 01 August 2013
Fig. 6 Corroding effect of mineral acids on boronized and nonboronized (a) 0.45% C (Ck 45) steel and (b) 18Cr-9Ni (X10CrNiTi18 9) steel at 56 °C (130 °F). Source: Ref 4 , 5 , 14
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Image
Published: 01 January 2003
Fig. 1 Corrosion of a porcelain enamel in boiling water and boiling mineral acids. Source: Ref 2
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Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001227
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... Abstract This article focuses on the mineral and organic acid cleaning of iron and steel. It begins with a discussion on the application methods, process selection criteria, solution composition, equipment used, and control of process variables in mineral acid cleaning. The article...
Abstract
This article focuses on the mineral and organic acid cleaning of iron and steel. It begins with a discussion on the application methods, process selection criteria, solution composition, equipment used, and control of process variables in mineral acid cleaning. The article then describes the advantages and disadvantages of organic acid cleaning. Applications, including boiler cleaning, stainless steel cleaning, and removal of iron- and copper-bearing deposits, are discussed. The article concludes with an overview of acid cleaning of nonferrous alloys.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003824
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... Abstract For chemical processing, niobium resists a wide variety of corrosive environments, including mineral acids, many organic acids, liquid metals, and most salt solutions. This article focuses on the mechanisms of corrosion resistance of niobium alloys in these environments. The niobium...
Abstract
For chemical processing, niobium resists a wide variety of corrosive environments, including mineral acids, many organic acids, liquid metals, and most salt solutions. This article focuses on the mechanisms of corrosion resistance of niobium alloys in these environments. The niobium alloys include Nb-1Zr, Nb-55Ti, Nb-50Ta, and Nb-40Ta. The article describes the use of these corrosion resistant niobium alloys, and provides information on applications of niobium in various industries.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006635
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
..., C r 2 O 7 2 − 1. Barium chloride Pale-yellow precipitate of barium chromate, soluble in dilute mineral acids; insoluble in water and in acetic acid 2. Silver nitrate Brownish-red precipitate of silver chromate, soluble in dilute nitric acid and in ammonia solution; insoluble...
Abstract
This article presents a summary of the chemical fundamentals, general techniques, limitations, and applications of chemical spot testing as well as a brief overview of innovations and specialized applications. A list of selected reagents, including abbreviated instructions for preparing the reagent solution(s), for performing the spot test, and for interpreting the results, is also included. The article discusses two specialized applications of qualitative analysis, namely illicit drug identification and spacecraft drinking water quality testing. It also contains tables listing common presumptive tests for detecting anions and cations in aqueous solution.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006407
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... concludes with a discussion on polymeric lubricants and solid lubricants. lubricants rolling-element bearings lubrication mineral oils rolling bearings nonpetroleum oils polyglycols phosphate esters silicone fluids dibasic acid esters fluorinated polyethers greases corrosion prevention...
Abstract
This article discusses the functions of lubricants to prevent premature failure of rolling element bearings and the advantages of fluid lubrication. It describes the composition of refined mineral oil for rolling bearing applications. The article reviews the types and properties of nonpetroleum oils, such as polyglycols, phosphate esters, silicone fluids, dibasic acid esters, and fluorinated polyethers. It discusses the properties of greases, including grease speed limits, grease composition, relubrication intervals, corrosion prevention behavior, and grease compatibility. The article concludes with a discussion on polymeric lubricants and solid lubricants.
Image
Published: 01 January 2003
Fig. 7 The contributions of strong acid (acid rain), weak acid (dissolved atmospheric CO 2 ), and dry deposition (conversion of corrosion film minerals to more soluble species by reaction with acidic gases, SO 2 and HNO 3 ) to runoff from a copper corrosion film calculated using PHREEQC
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004143
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... proposals on a realistic basis. Chemical cleaning solutions include mineral acids, organic acids, bases, complexing agents, oxidizing agents, reducing agents, and organic solvents. Inhibitors and surfactants are added to reduce corrosion and to improve cleaning efficiency. Following the cleaning cycle...
Abstract
This article describes the eight chemical cleaning methods, namely, circulation, fill and soak, cascade, foam, vapor-phase organic, steam-injected, on-line chemical, and mechanical cleaning. It presents information on deposit types, solvents used to remove them, and construction material incompatibilities in a table. The article summarizes the uses of chemical cleaning solutions, including hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, and sulfamic acid, as well as the additives used to neutralize their impact on corrosion. It discusses the chemical cleaning procedures, including selection of cleaning method and solvent, documentation of cleaning, and corrosion monitoring in chemical cleaning.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003811
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... Corrosion of cast chromium and carbon steels in mineral acids Table 5 Corrosion of cast chromium and carbon steels in mineral acids Steel Weight loss in 5 h 5% H 2 SO 4 5% HCl 5% HNO 3 mg/cm 2 mg/in. 2 mg/cm 2 mg/in. 2 mg/cm 2 mg/in. 2 Carbon steel, 0.31% C 2.7 17.42...
Abstract
This article, primarily focusing on atmospheric corrosion of carbon and low-alloy steels, describes the factors that must be considered by alloy casting users in material selection. It presents compositions of cast steels tested in atmospheric corrosion in a tabular form. The article graphically presents the results of a research program that compared the corrosion resistance of nine cast steels in marine and industrial atmospheres. It provides a comparison of corrosion rates of cast steels, malleable cast iron, and wrought steel after three years of exposure in two atmospheres. Conclusions drawn from these tests are also presented.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003213
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
...) Operating temperature range: 10 to 82 °C (50 to 180 °F). (d) Two frequently used solvents are deodorized kerosine and mineral seal oil. (e) Most soaps are based on rosin or other short-chain fatty acids, saponified with organic amines or potassium hydroxide. (f) Low molecular weight petroleum...
Abstract
Metal surfaces must often be cleaned before subsequent operations to remove unwanted substances such as pigmented drawing compounds, unpigmented oil and grease, chips and cutting fluids, polishing and buffing compounds, rust and scale, and miscellaneous contaminants. The article describes common cleaning processes, including alkaline, electrolytic, solvent, emulsion, molten salt bath, ultrasonic and acid cleaning as well as pickling and abrasive blasting. It also explains how to select the appropriate process for a given soil type and surface composition.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006629
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... with appropriate ventilation or in an inert high-pressure vessel. With appropriate safety consideration, however, sulfuric acid is an effective dissolution medium for iron-base materials, mineral halides, and rare earth phosphates. The concentrated acid may need to be heated to be effective. In its diluted aqueous...
Abstract
This article focuses on wet chemical methods that have stood the test of time in laboratories around the world. It begins with a description of the appropriateness of classical wet methods. This is followed by sections on sampling procedures, basic chemical equilibria, and wet analytical chemistry. Mechanical methods and nonoxidizing acids and/or acid mixtures for dissolving solid samples for wet chemical analysis are then reviewed. Qualitative methods that are used to identify materials by wet chemical reaction are also included. The article provides information on various methods for the separation of chemical mixtures and on the types of gravimetry and titrimetry. Strategies for removing inclusions are also included to aid in their compositional understanding. The article also briefly describes the processes involved in chemical surface studies and partitioning of oxidation states. It ends by presenting some examples of the applications of classical wet methods.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003582
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... the initial conditions of a system have been so defined, the modeler can introduce a reactant ( titration model ) to the equilibrium system. The reactant dissolves irreversibly, which may cause mineral phases in the system to dissolve (i.e., the reactant is an acid) or the precipitation of one or more mineral...
Abstract
Geochemical modeling is being used to understand and predict scaling, susceptibility to corrosion, atmospheric corrosion rates, acid rain, corrosion film solubility, and environmental impacts of aqueous species in runoff. This article discusses the principles, limitations, and applications of the modeling. It explains how to calculate the chemical equilibrium in geochemical modeling and provides information on modeling features.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006411
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... oil type Mineral oil Olefin polymer Alkyl aromatic Polyphenyl ether Dibasic acid ester Neopentyl polyester Poly-alkylene glycol Phosphate ester Silicone Silicate ester Fluoro-carbon Liquid range Moderate Good Good Poor Very good Very good Good Moderate Excellent Poor Poor...
Abstract
The function of lubricants is to control friction and wear in a lubricating system containing machine elements such as gears and bearings. This article discusses the basic properties of lubricants to help scientists and engineers understand the principles behind lubricant selection. It reviews the functions of additives, such as friction modifiers, antiwear additives, viscosity modifiers, corrosion inhibitors, oxidation inhibitors, dispersants, and detergents. The article discusses the physical properties of liquid lubricants and the performance characteristics of lubricants. It describes the most common lubricant categories and provides information on the health and safety aspects of using liquid lubricants. The article concludes with a discussion on the lubricant-application method that plays a vital role in how the lubricant functions.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0005650
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... in a laboratory hood where emergency treatment is available. Hydrofluoric acid is available in concentrations up to 100%, unlike other mineral acids. The following does not address concentrations of 60% or higher, except to state that it may require substantially different and more extreme precautions...
Abstract
This article describes the safety precautions required for using laboratory equipment. It reviews the various personal protective equipment specified on the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for laboratory chemicals and products. The article provides information on the storage and handling of etchants, solvents, acids, bases, and other chemicals. It describes the safety precautions and procedures for handling concentrated and dilute hydrofluoric acid. The article concludes with a discussion on the precautions to be followed in the event of spills and cleanup.
Image
Published: 01 January 1994
Fig. 9 Sequence of operations for spray zinc phosphating of automotive bodies Stage Type Composition Temperature Time,s °C °F 1 Organic solvent Mineral spirits 30 86 60 2 Alkaline cleaner Titanated, alkali 6.0 g/L (5.0 × 10 −2 lb/gal) 60–65 140–150 70 3
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Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003847
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... extensively in many industries for their corrosion and/or abrasion resistance. These industries include transportation, chemical processing, water treatment, power, mineral processing, and mining. The largest-volume use of rubber linings is in phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, and ferric or ferrous chloride...
Abstract
Natural and synthetic rubber linings are used extensively in many industries for their corrosion and/or abrasion resistance. These industries include transportation, chemical processing, water treatment, power, mineral processing, and mining. This article provides information on soft natural rubber, semihard natural rubber, hard natural rubber, neoprene or polychloroprene, chlorobutyl, three-ply linings, nitrile, and ethylene propylene with a diene monomer. Emphasis is placed on advantages, disadvantages, and common uses of each material discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001090
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... from germanium powder and ammonia at 700 to 850 °C (1300 to 1560 °F). The nitride does not react with most mineral acids, aqua regia, or caustic solutions, even when hot. Germanium disulfide (GeS 2 ) is an unusual and useful compound because it is insoluble in strong acids such as 6 N HCl and 12 N...
Abstract
Germanium is a semiconducting metalloid element found in Group IV A. Germanium is used in the field of electronics, infrared optics, and in the fields of gamma ray spectroscopy, catalysis, and fiber optics. This article discusses the sources, manufacturing, and processing of germanium, and focuses on the chemical properties of various germanium compounds, including germanium halides, germanates, germanides, germanes, inorganic, and organogermanium compounds. It also tabulates the physical, thermal, electronic, and optical properties of germanium, and explains the economical aspects and specifications of germanium. The article describes the analytical and test methods of germanium, including gravimetric method, titrimetric method, and spectral method. It provides a short note on toxicology, and concludes with the uses of germanium in different fields.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001739
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... Treatment with mineral acids, the most widely used dissolution technique, is applicable to many metals, ores, and a multitude of other inorganic and organic industrial materials. Acid digestion may be broadly characterized as oxidizing or nonoxidizing. Nonoxidizing acid attack is often associated...
Abstract
This article provides information on basic chemical equilibria, wet analytical chemistry, and the appropriateness of classical wet methods. It focuses on nonoxidizing acids and oxidizing acids. The article includes information on the qualitative methods used to identify materials by wet chemical reaction. Gravimetry, in which a chemical species is weighed; titrimetry, which involves volume measurement of a liquid reactant; and a host of separation techniques, which require diverse forms of laboratory manipulation, are discussed. The article briefly describes the partitioning of oxidation states as well as those applications in surface studies and rapid material identification in which chemical techniques have proved useful.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004204
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
..., ethers, methanol, butanol, and ketones above 65 °C (150 °F), acetic acid above 95 °C (200 °F), and H 2 SO 4 and aromatic amines above 65 °C (150 °F). It resists mineral acids up to 120 °C (250 °F), inorganic alkalis, inorganic salts, and oxidizing acids at room temperatures. Polyvinylidene Fluoride...
Abstract
This article discusses the materials of construction found in pharmaceutical production facilities. The materials discussed are different stainless steels, nickel and nickel-base alloys, titanium, zirconium, impervious graphite, fluoropolymers, and glass-lined steel. The article describes the three primary causes of failure in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals: embedded iron, failures of glass linings, and corrosion under thermal insulation.