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microstructural geometry
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Book Chapter
Quantitative Characterization and Representation of Global Microstructural Geometry
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003759
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... on the quantitative metallographic methods for estimation of volume fraction, total surface area per unit volume, and total length of per unit volume. derived microstructural properties microstructural features microstructural geometry microstructural spatial clustering number density particle orientation...
Abstract
The objective of quantitative metallography/stereology is to describe the geometric characteristics of the features. This article discusses the geometric attributes of microstructural features that can be divided into: the numerical extents and the number density of microstructural features; derived microstructural properties; feature specific size, shape, and orientation distributions; and descriptors of microstructural spatial clustering and correlations. It emphasizes on the practical aspects of the measurement techniques and applications. The article also provides information on the quantitative metallographic methods for estimation of volume fraction, total surface area per unit volume, and total length of per unit volume.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006988
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
... among phenomenological constitutive models applied to AM. A second approach is to resolve the grain or subgrain features explicitly within the geometry of the model and to invoke a constitutive model that represents their deformation mechanisms. The microstructure in such models can be instantiated...
Abstract
This article focuses specifically on material modeling applied to structure-property predictions. It provides general guidelines and considerations in terms of modeling the salient material features that ultimately impact the mechanical performance of parts produced by additive manufacturing (AM). Two of the primary ingredients needed to predict structure-property relationships via material modeling include a geometrical representation of the microstructural features of interest (e.g., grain structure and void defects) and a suitable constitutive model describing the material behavior, both of which can be scale and resource dependent. The article also presents modeling challenges to predict various aspects of (process-) structure-property relationships in AM.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003536
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract The quantitative characterization of fracture surface geometry, that is, quantitative fractography, can provide useful information regarding the microstructural features and failure mechanisms that govern material fracture. This article is devoted to the fractographic techniques...
Abstract
The quantitative characterization of fracture surface geometry, that is, quantitative fractography, can provide useful information regarding the microstructural features and failure mechanisms that govern material fracture. This article is devoted to the fractographic techniques that are based on fracture profilometry. This is followed by a section describing the methods based on scanning electron microscope fractography. The article also addresses procedures for three-dimensional fracture surface reconstruction. In each case, sufficient methodological details, governing equations, and practical examples are provided.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001104
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... the manufacture and composition of cemented carbides and their microstructure, classifications, physical and mechanical properties, and applications. New tool geometries, tailored substrates, and the application of thin, hard coatings to cemented carbides by chemical vapor deposition and physical vapor deposition...
Abstract
Cemented carbides belong to a class of hard, wear-resistant, refractory materials in which the hard carbide particles are bound together, or cemented, by a soft and ductile metal binder. The performance of cemented carbide as a cutting tool lies between that of tool steel and cermets. Almost 50% of the total production of cemented carbides is used for nonmetal cutting applications. Their properties also make them appropriate materials for structural components, including plungers, boring bars, powder compacting dies and punches, high-pressure dies and punches, and pulverizing hammers. This article discusses the manufacture, microstructure, composition, classifications, and physical and mechanical properties of cemented carbides, as well as their machining and nonmachining applications. It examines the relationship between the workpiece material, cutting tool and operational parameters, and provides suggestions to simplify the choice of cutting tool for a given machining application. It also examines new tool geometries, tailored substrates, and the application of thin, hard coatings to cemented carbides by chemical vapor deposition and physical vapor deposition. It discusses the tool wear mechanisms and the methods available for holding the carbide tool. The article is limited to tungsten carbide cobalt-base materials.
Book Chapter
Metallography and Microstructures of Uranium and Its Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003780
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... and mechanical working processes. depleted uranium etching grain structure inclusions macroexamination mechanical working metal flow geometry metallography microexamination microstructure physical metallurgy segregation pattern solidification thin foils transmission electron microscopy...
Abstract
This article discusses the principles of physical metallurgy and metallography of depleted uranium. It describes the techniques involved in the preparation of thin foils for transmission electron microscopy and illustrates the resulting microstructure of uranium and uranium alloys, with the aid of black and white images. The article also provides information on the applications of etching and examination of uranium alloys, at both macro and micro scales, in characterizing the grain structures, segregation patterns, inclusions, and the metal flow geometries produced by solidification and mechanical working processes.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003999
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... Abstract Forging of nickel-base alloys results in geometries that reduce the amount of machining to obtain final component shapes and involves deformation processing to refine the grain structure of components or mill products. This article discusses the heating practice, die materials...
Abstract
Forging of nickel-base alloys results in geometries that reduce the amount of machining to obtain final component shapes and involves deformation processing to refine the grain structure of components or mill products. This article discusses the heating practice, die materials, and lubricants used in nickel-base alloys forging. It describes two major forging processing categories for nickel-base alloys: primary working and secondary working categories. Primary working involves the deformation processing and conversion of cast ingot or similar bulk material into a controlled microstructure mill product, such as billets or bars, and secondary working refers to further forging of mill product into final component configurations.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0009005
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... Abstract Workability in forging depends on a variety of material, process-variable, and die-design features. A number of test techniques have been developed for gaging forgeability depending on alloy type, microstructure, die geometry, and process variables. This article summarizes some common...
Abstract
Workability in forging depends on a variety of material, process-variable, and die-design features. A number of test techniques have been developed for gaging forgeability depending on alloy type, microstructure, die geometry, and process variables. This article summarizes some common workability tests and illustrates their application in practical forging situations. Workability tests for open-die forging of cast structures, hot and cold open-die forging of recrystallized structures, fracture-controlled defect formation, establishing effects of process variables and secondary tensile stresses on forgeability, and flow-localization-controlled failure are some common tests. The workability test used for closed-die forging is also summarized.
Book Chapter
Numerical Aspects of Modeling Welds
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005587
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... Abstract This article is a comprehensive collection of formulas and numerical solutions, addressing many heat-transfer scenarios encountered in welds. It provides detailed explanations and dimensioned drawings in order to discuss the geometry of weld models, transfer of energy and heat in welds...
Abstract
This article is a comprehensive collection of formulas and numerical solutions, addressing many heat-transfer scenarios encountered in welds. It provides detailed explanations and dimensioned drawings in order to discuss the geometry of weld models, transfer of energy and heat in welds, microstructure evaluation, thermal stress analysis, and fluid flow in the weld pool.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005641
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... incident laser beam power injury hazards laser beam spatial distribution laser beam welding laser-welded joints mechanical properties microstructure process selection shielding gas traverse speed weld design weld pool geometry LASER BEAM WELDING (LBW) uses a moving high-density coherent...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the fundamentals, mechanisms, process physics, advantages, and limitations of laser beam welding. It describes the independent and dependent process variables in view of their role in procedure development and process selection. The article includes information on independent process variables such as incident laser beam power and diameter, laser beam spatial distribution, traverse speed, shielding gas, depth of focus and focal position, weld design, and gap size. Dependent variables, including depth of penetration, microstructure and mechanical properties of laser-welded joints, and weld pool geometry, are discussed. The article also reviews the various injuries and electrical and chemical hazards associated with laser beam welding.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002124
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... Abstract This article discusses the manufacturing steps and compositions of cemented carbides, as well as their microstructure, classifications, applications, and physical and mechanical properties. It provides information on new tool geometries, tailored substrates, and the application of thin...
Abstract
This article discusses the manufacturing steps and compositions of cemented carbides, as well as their microstructure, classifications, applications, and physical and mechanical properties. It provides information on new tool geometries, tailored substrates, and the application of thin and hard coatings to cemented carbides by chemical vapor deposition and physical vapor deposition. The article also discusses tool wear mechanisms and the methods available for holding the carbide tool.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005437
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... the chemical experiment, the process reaches a quasi-steady and the ratio at/R2 is called the Fourier number. diffusivities, the solidi cation rate is controlled state where the microstructure is constant in It can be seen that the geometry of the problem, by heat ow, and chemical diffusion tries to time...
Abstract
This article presents the governing equations for moving a solidification front, based on the balance of mass, momentum, energy, and solute. It reviews how material properties and geometry can be analyzed in the context of the governing equations. The article provides several example problems that illustrate how the hierarchy of time and length scales associated with transport leads to the important features of cast microstructures. It includes equations for estimating microsegregation in cast alloys.
Book Chapter
Numerical Aspects of Modeling Welds
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001480
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... Abstract This article focuses on the various assumptions involved in the numerical modeling of welds, including the geometry of the welded structure and the weld joint, thermal stress, strain, residual stress, and the microstructure in the heat-affected and fusion zones. distortion...
Abstract
This article focuses on the various assumptions involved in the numerical modeling of welds, including the geometry of the welded structure and the weld joint, thermal stress, strain, residual stress, and the microstructure in the heat-affected and fusion zones.
Book Chapter
Effect of Crack Shape on Fatigue Crack Growth
Available to PurchaseBook: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002359
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... FRACTURES in engineering applications ( Ref 1 ) occur mostly from surface or internal three-dimensional cracks, which generally propagate in all directions and often have irregular shapes. Such shapes may not strictly have an elliptical or circular geometry, although such an approximation is often practiced...
Abstract
This article summarizes the aspects of crack shape and irregularity that are relevant to fatigue and fracture of surface cracks. It discusses the nature of three-dimensional surface cracks and variables that influence crack shape. These variables include the grain size, residual stresses, texture, loading mode, environment, and crack coalescence. Measurement of crack shapes or aspect ratios during fatigue crack growth can be performed by a number of techniques. The article describes the estimation of the stress-intensity factor for arbitrarily-shaped cracks and failure prediction methods for arbitrarily-shaped flaws.
Book Chapter
Process-Structure Relationships in Fusion Metals Additive Manufacturing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006977
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
... determined to be the controlling factors. Similar to the influence on porosity, nesting of even prismatic geometries and melt order of these geometries within the AM build chamber were reported to impact the resultant microstructure in the instance of coarsening of Ti-6Al-4V laths ( Ref 7...
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) process modalities offer access to rich sets of structures for metallic materials that are otherwise difficult to obtain through a single conventional manufacturing process for bulk-scale materials. This article presents the primary aim of understanding the linkage between the process and structure in AM, which is typically focused on the correlation of machine process settings to defects such as material porosity and cracking. It also presents the development of scan strategies for site-specific microstructure control and discusses factors influencing process-structure relationships in fusion metals AM.
Image
Simulated microstructure of first and last generation of genetic algorithm ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 June 2023
Fig. 6 Simulated microstructure of first and last generation of genetic algorithm (GA), line search (LS), and hybrid GA and LS algorithm using two microstructures to manufacture so-called oak leaf geometry (Oak Ridge National Laboratory logo) used as the pattern for microstructure control
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Book Chapter
Magnetic Barkhausen Noise for Nondestructive Inspection of Gears
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006476
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... precision-made geometries. Production of gears involves processes including heat treatment, rough machining, grinding, shot peening, and many others. Physical defects, such as cracks, are often candidates for nondestructive techniques that include magnetic-particle inspection, eddy current ( Ref 1...
Abstract
Gears are a common part type for applications of the magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) techniques for nondestructive inspection. This article discusses the typical applications for MBN techniques, namely, detection of grinding retemper burn, evaluation of residual stresses, and detection of heat treatment defects, including the evaluation of case depth.
Image
The mean absolute error for each generation of the genetic algorithm simula...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 June 2023
Fig. 5 The mean absolute error for each generation of the genetic algorithm simulation to produce the two microstructures using electron beam melting of the so-called oak leaf geometry (Oak Ridge National Laboratory logo) used as the pattern for microstructure control in the genetic algorithm
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Image
Static coarsening of a colony-alpha microstructure in Ti-6Al-4V. (a) SEM ba...
Available to Purchase
in Modeling of Microstructure Evolution during the Thermomechanical Processing of Titanium Alloys
> Fundamentals of Modeling for Metals Processing
Published: 01 December 2009
Fig. 11 Static coarsening of a colony-alpha microstructure in Ti-6Al-4V. (a) SEM backscattered micrograph illustrating lamellar branching observed at 955 °C. (b) Idealized geometry used to describe the microstructure. See Eq 16 . Source: Ref 49 . (c) SEM backscattered micrographs of samples
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Image
Synthetic microstructure representing (a) aluminum 7075-T6 investigated wit...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 June 2023
Fig. 7 Synthetic microstructure representing (a) aluminum 7075-T6 investigated with (b) an overlayed surface roughness profile and (c) ideal notch geometries. Source: Ref 21
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Image
(a) Half geometry of the axial section of the generator shaft and compariso...
Available to Purchase
in Modeling and Simulation of Steel Heat Treatment—Prediction of Microstructure, Distortion, Residual Stresses, and Cracking
> Steel Heat Treating Technologies
Published: 30 September 2014
Fig. 31 (a) Half geometry of the axial section of the generator shaft and comparison of the evolution of (b) microstructure and (c) axial stress on the surface (point A) for standard and alternated spray quenching strategies. Source: Ref 69
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