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Frauke Hogue
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George F. Vander Voort
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David M. Christie
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Craig J. Schroeder, John M. Tartaglia
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Ronald J. Parrington
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Richard P. Baron
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Richard D. Zipp, E. Philip Dahlberg
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Cindy O'Malley, Carly McGee, Valerie Sherbondy
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Richard H. McSwain
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Patricia L. Stumpff
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Book Chapter
Microfractography and Metallography for Failure Analysis
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006760
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... Abstract Visual examination, using the unaided eye or a low-power optical magnifier, is typically one of the first steps in a failure investigation. This article presents the guidelines for selecting samples for scanning electron microscope examination and optical metallography and for cleaning...
Abstract
Visual examination, using the unaided eye or a low-power optical magnifier, is typically one of the first steps in a failure investigation. This article presents the guidelines for selecting samples for scanning electron microscope examination and optical metallography and for cleaning fracture surfaces. It discusses damage characterization of metals, covering various factors that influence the damage, namely stress, aggressive environment, temperature, and discontinuities.
Book Chapter
Visual Examination and Light Microscopy
Available to PurchaseBook: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0001834
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
... Abstract This article presents examples of the visual fracture examination that illustrate the procedure as it applies to failure analysis and quality determination. It describes the techniques and procedures for the visual and light microscopic examination of fracture surfaces...
Abstract
This article presents examples of the visual fracture examination that illustrate the procedure as it applies to failure analysis and quality determination. It describes the techniques and procedures for the visual and light microscopic examination of fracture surfaces with illustrations. The article also describes microscopic and macroscopic features of the different fracture mechanisms with illustrations with emphasis on visual and light microscopy examination. The types of fractures considered include ductile fractures, tensile-test fractures, brittle fractures, fatigue fractures, and high-temperature fractures.
Book Chapter
Photography of Fractured Parts and Fracture Surfaces
Available to PurchaseBook: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006846
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... electron microscopy and postcapture image processing. digital microscopes fracture surfaces fractured parts photographic equipment scanning electron microscopy stereomicroscopes visual examination PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION of fractured components is arguably the best evidence used...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on the following photographic equipment: point-and-shoot cameras, digital single-reflex cameras, stand-mounted digital zoom cameras, and digital microscope cameras. It presents two principal types of optical microscopes that are appropriate for visual examination of fractured parts: the stereomicroscope and the single-light-path digital microscope. The common features present on fracture surfaces are each considered separately, both in their significance and as photographic challenges. The article also presents a short note on low-magnification scanning electron microscopy and postcapture image processing.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001817
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
..., visual examination, microscopic examination, chemical analysis, and mechanical tests. The article explains corrosion fatigue of tubing of heat exchangers caused by aggressive environment and cyclic stress. It also discusses the effects of design, welding practices, and elevated temperatures...
Abstract
This article describes the characteristics of tubing of heat exchangers with respect to general corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking, selective leaching, and oxygen-cell attack, with examples. It illustrates the examination of failed parts of heat exchangers by using sample selection, visual examination, microscopic examination, chemical analysis, and mechanical tests. The article explains corrosion fatigue of tubing of heat exchangers caused by aggressive environment and cyclic stress. It also discusses the effects of design, welding practices, and elevated temperatures on the failures of heat exchangers.
Book Chapter
The Role of Fractography in Metallurgical Failure Analysis
Available to PurchaseBook: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0007038
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... of crack initiation and mechanisms of crack growth. The procedures for analyzing fractures also include several steps and techniques that involve photographic documentation, proper specimen handling, and visual or microscopic examination. The article also briefly describes the use of metallography...
Abstract
Many metal failures involve fracture, and fractography is an essential activity in many, if not most, failure analysis (FA) investigations. This article introduces and illustrates the role of fractography in an FA investigation. Basic guidelines are briefly presented for investigating a failure and how fractography helps the FA investigator determine evidence. Examples are given throughout this article on how the examination of fracture surfaces discerns various sources of crack initiation and mechanisms of crack growth. The procedures for analyzing fractures also include several steps and techniques that involve photographic documentation, proper specimen handling, and visual or microscopic examination. The article also briefly describes the use of metallography in fracture analysis along with case studies as illustrative examples of various fracture mechanisms and modes.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003527
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... photography as well as other special techniques. digital photography failure analysis field photographic documentation fractured surface laboratory photographic documentation macrophotography microscopic photography photographic equipment visual examination FAILURE ANALYSIS...
Abstract
This article reviews photographic principles, namely, visual examination, field photographic documentation, and laboratory photographic documentation, as applied to failure analysis and the specific techniques employed in both the field and laboratory. It provides information on the photographic equipment used in failure analysis and on film and digital photography. The article describes the basics of photography and the uses of different types of lighting in photography of a fractured surface. The article also addresses the techniques involved in macrophotography and microscopic photography as well as other special techniques.
Book Chapter
Use of Fractography for Failure Analysis
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003227
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract This article describes various evaluation techniques of fractography such as visual inspection, macroscopic and microscopic examinations that are used to resolve different aspects of failure. It gives a brief description and pictorial representation of various defects leading...
Abstract
This article describes various evaluation techniques of fractography such as visual inspection, macroscopic and microscopic examinations that are used to resolve different aspects of failure. It gives a brief description and pictorial representation of various defects leading to fracture of metals, including laps, seams, cold shuts, cracks, inclusions, porosity, fatigue, and stress corrosion cracking.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005342
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... determine the location of the fracture origin. The visual inspection should be conducted both prior to and after cleaning or removal of surface contamination. The fracture should be examined with an optical or digital microscope at the critical regions of the origin, midfracture, and final fracture regions...
Abstract
This article discusses the visual and microscopic characteristics of fractures of cast alloys. These fractures include ductile rupture, transgranular brittle fracture, intergranular fracture, fatigue, and environmentally induced fracture. The article also describes the factors that affect fracture appearance.
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006845
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... Visual examination of fractures Nondestructive inspection Dimensional inspection Sectioning Optical microscope fractography Electron microscope fractography Metallography Mechanical property testing Alloy chemical analysis Corrodent chemical analysis Case-dependent...
Abstract
Fracture surfaces can provide an important and indispensable record of many factors in simple or complex failures. Visual examination of fracture surfaces can reveal the type and direction of loading, with fracture-surface features often providing definitive evidence of torsion, tension, bending, and compressive loads. This article discusses tools and techniques of visual examination and characteristic features of fracture features. A brief review of ductile and brittle fracture-surface features is provided. The article also describes macroscopic features that can be used to identify fracture-initiation sites, locations of final overload, and the directions of crack propagation. In addition, the use of these features to characterize loading at the time of failure is also described.
Image
Published: 01 January 1987
shown at 50×. Courtesy of G.F. Vander Voort and J.W. Bowman, Carpenter Technology Corporation. Additional comparisons of fractographs obtained by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy can be found in the article “Visual Examination and Light Microscopy” in this Volume.
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Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003520
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract This article outlines the basic steps to be followed and the range of techniques available for failure analysis, namely, background data assembling, visual examination, microfractography, chemical analysis, metallographic examination, electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis...
Abstract
This article outlines the basic steps to be followed and the range of techniques available for failure analysis, namely, background data assembling, visual examination, microfractography, chemical analysis, metallographic examination, electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, X-ray techniques, and simulations. It also describes the steps for analyzing the data, preparing the report, preservation of evidence, and follow-up on recommendations.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Types and Appearances of Fracture
Available to PurchaseBook: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006842
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... depth of field, color recognition, and texture observations than can be achieved with a camera lens or microscope lens. For these reasons, the value of a thorough visual examination with the unaided human eye should not be underestimated. Of course, visual examination at low magnifications...
Abstract
This article addresses macroscale fracture appearances, microscale fracture-surface appearances or morphologies, fracture mechanisms, and those factors that influence fractures and fracture appearances. Some of the macroscopic and microscopic features identified by the failure analyst to evaluate the fracture surfaces of metals and plastics are described and compared.
Book Chapter
Visual Inspection
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003230
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... discontinuities. Visual inspection is the most widely used method for detecting and examining surface cracks. Visual inspection methods range from examination with the naked eye to the use of interference microscopes to measure the depth of scratches in the finish of finely polished and lapped surfaces...
Abstract
Visual inspection is a nondestructive testing technique that provides a means to detect and examine a variety of surface flaws, such as corrosion, contamination, surface finish, and surface discontinuities. This article discusses the equipment used to aid visual inspection, including borescopes (rigid and flexible), optical sensors, and magnifying systems. The article discusses the special features of borescopes, the factors that influence the choice of a flexible or rigid borescope for use in a specific application, and some of the image sensors used in visual inspection.
Book Chapter
Visual Examination and Photography in Failure Analysis
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006851
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... that are applied to failure analysis, both in the field and in the laboratory. It discusses the processes involved in visual examination, field photographic documentation, and laboratory photographic documentation of failed components. The article describes the operating principles of each part of a professional...
Abstract
Failure analysis is an investigative process in which the visual observations of features present on a failed component and the surrounding environment are essential in determining the root cause of a failure. This article reviews the basic photographic principles and techniques that are applied to failure analysis, both in the field and in the laboratory. It discusses the processes involved in visual examination, field photographic documentation, and laboratory photographic documentation of failed components. The article describes the operating principles of each part of a professional digital camera. It covers basic photographic principles and manipulation of settings that assist in producing high-quality images. The need for accurate photographic documentation in failure analysis is also presented.
Book Chapter
Preparation and Preservation of Fracture Specimens
Available to PurchaseBook: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0001832
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
... Abstract Fracture surfaces are fragile and subject to mechanical and environmental damage that can destroy microstructural features. This article discusses the importance of care and handling of fractures and the factors that need to be considered during the preliminary visual examination...
Abstract
Fracture surfaces are fragile and subject to mechanical and environmental damage that can destroy microstructural features. This article discusses the importance of care and handling of fractures and the factors that need to be considered during the preliminary visual examination. It describes the procedures for sectioning a fracture and opening secondary cracks as well as the effect of nondestructive inspection on subsequent evaluation. The article provides information on the most common techniques for cleaning fracture surfaces. These techniques are dry air blast cleaning, replica stripping, organic-solvent cleaning, water-base detergent cleaning, cathodic cleaning, and chemical-etch cleaning.
Book Chapter
Laboratory Testing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006063
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... environments for coating failure analysis. chromatography differential scanning calorimetry electrochemical impedance spectroscopy Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy laboratory corrosion testing microscopic visual examination scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of common analytical tools used as part of the process of providing practical information regarding the causes of a coating problem or failure. The common analytical tools include Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, chromatography, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Test cabinets and standard test environments for laboratory analysis are reviewed. The article describes non-standard simulation testing and case studies of simulated environments for coating failure analysis.
Book Chapter
Visual Examination and Photography in Failure Analysis
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006763
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... lighting and microscopic photography. Special techniques can be employed to deal with highly reflective conditions and are also described in this article. digital cameras failure analysis microscopic photography photographic lighting visual examination FAILURE ANALYSIS is an investigative...
Abstract
Failure analysis is an investigative process that uses visual observations of features present on a failed component fracture surface combined with component and environmental conditions to determine the root cause of a failure. The primary means of recording the conditions and features observed during a failure analysis investigation is photography. Failure analysis photographic imaging is a combination of both science and art; experience and proper imaging techniques are required to produce an accurate and meaningful fracture surface photograph. This article reviews photographic principles and techniques as applied to failure analysis, both in the field and in the laboratory. The discussion covers the processes involved in field and laboratory photographic documentations, provides a description of professional digital cameras, and gives information on photographic lighting and microscopic photography. Special techniques can be employed to deal with highly reflective conditions and are also described in this article.
Book Chapter
Visual Analysis, Nondestructive Testing, and Destructive Testing
Available to PurchaseBook: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003463
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... is the first and perhaps most important step in failure analysis. In many cases, the diagnosis can be made by visual examination, and testing is performed to confirm or contradict it. Many experimental nondestructive and destructive test techniques have been developed to measure damage levels in composites...
Abstract
Mechanical and environmental loadings cause a variety of failure modes in composites, including matrix cracking, fiber-matrix debonding, delamination between plies, and fiber breakage. This article summarizes visual analysis and nondestructive testing methods for the failure analysis of composites. These methods include radiography, ultrasonic techniques, acoustic emission, and thermograph. The article also provides information on destructive test techniques.
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006876
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... than conventional high-vacuum SEMs. Cleaning Fracture Surfaces for Scanning Electron Microscopy A subject fracture surface will often be examined in multiple sessions in the electron microscope. Examining the fracture surface as-retrieved or after gentle cleaning is recommended in order...
Abstract
This article presumes the reader has a basic understanding of the operation and principles of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The emphasis of this article is specifically on the application of SEM to the study of metallic and nonmetallic fracture surfaces, where the typical objectives of SEM examination of a fracture surface may include the following: identification of characteristic fracture features to aid in identifying fracture mechanism(s); characterization of material anomalies that may have influenced the fracture; qualitative or semiquantitative chemical analysis of component material(s); and qualitative or semiquantitative analysis of deposits or corrosion products on or near fracture surfaces.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003466
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
.... Visually, translaminar fractures that fail under tensile loads, particularly those with some zero-degree or other off-axis plies, will exhibit considerable fiber pullout and have very irregular fracture surfaces. Scanning electron microscopic examination of the fiber end fractures of carbon and glass...
Abstract
This article illustrates typical fractographic features for a number of different composite materials. It describes the differences in fracture characteristics due to different loading, material processing, and environmental conditions. The article presents fractographic data obtained from epoxy matrix materials. Minimal fractographic data from other brittle thermoset resin systems are also presented. The article discusses the interlaminar fracture of composites with ductile thermoplastic matrices. It also provides information on the translaminar fracture features of the composite materials.
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