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Published: 01 January 1989
Fig. 3 Chip formation process viewed inside a scanning electron microscope. The workpiece is a rectangular plate of high-purity gold that was polished on the sides so that the plastic deformation of the shear process can be readily observed. The boxed area in (a), which is shown at a higher More
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001230
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... method may be viewed as a manufacturing system consisting of four input categories: machine tool, processing tool, work material, and operational factors. These inputs result in microscopic or intrinsic process interactions that can be measured or monitored through macroscopic process variables...
Book Chapter

By Raghavan Srinivasan, Craig S. Hartley
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004013
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... variables for which sound extrusions can be obtained. The article concludes with a discussion on the state-of-the-art of coextrusion that assists in developing process models, which accurately describe both the macroscopic and microscopic aspects of a process. billet configurations coextrusion...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006769
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... Abstract The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is one of the most versatile instruments for investigating the microscopic features of most solid materials. The SEM provides the user with an unparalleled ability to observe and quantify the surface of a sample. This article discusses...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006846
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... electron microscopy and postcapture image processing. digital microscopes fracture surfaces fractured parts photographic equipment scanning electron microscopy stereomicroscopes visual examination PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION of fractured components is arguably the best evidence used...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003537
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... of the load except for very special circumstances. It must be pointed out, however, that the terms ductile and brittle also can be and are applied to fracture on a microscopic level. At the macroscale, ductile fracture by the microscale ductile process of microvoid formation and coalescence...
Book Chapter

By Bo Hu
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006102
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... of iron powders (95% <45 μm, or 1.8 mils) produced from different manufacturing processes. (a) Atomized iron. (b) Reduced iron. (c) Electrolytic iron. (d) Carbonyl iron. Top row: SEM images; bottom row: cross section optical microscope images Atomized iron powder is produced with disintegrating...
Book Chapter

By Russell A. Lund, Shahram Sheybany
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003539
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract This article commences with a summary of fatigue processes and mechanisms. It focuses on fractography of fatigue. Characteristic fatigue fracture features that can be discerned visually or under low magnification are described. Typical microscopic features observed on structural metals...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006774
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... that significant features are identified as to location on the macroscale fracture surface. In other words, potential explanations for cause for failure must be consistent with both macroscopic and microscopic features. By understanding the fracture processes of the material involved, particularly...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006763
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... prominent fracture features utilizing macroscopic and microscopic photography. The failure analysis process requires careful visual examination and the recording of features observed at each step of the investigation. The appearance of a fractured component specimen may change by cleaning the specimen...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006945
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... to cameras, microscopes light sources, and imaging process methods in recent decades. The main change has been the abandonment of silver-halide-based photography for digital image capture and processing methods. This is not to say that as a technology silver halide has been completely lost, nor...
Book Chapter

By Paul West
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006658
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... materials are materials that are contiguous and thus comprised of a single object. This could be a polymer, ceramic, semiconductor, or processed samples. In general, these types of samples are straightforward to image with an AFM. Simply put the sample into the microscope and scan it. The following...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001768
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... and scanning electron imaging, see the articles “Scanning Electron Microscopy” and “Analytical Transmission Electron Microscopy” in this Volume. Basic Microanalytical Concepts Microanalysis provides information concerning specimen composition on a microscopic scale; hence, microanalytical processes...
Book Chapter

By W. R. Warke
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003553
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... microscopic examination precipitation-hardening stainless steel sampling simulated-service tests stress concentration stress-corrosion cracking susceptibility titanium alloys welding STRESS-CORROSION CRACKING (SCC) is a failure process that occurs because of the simultaneous presence of tensile...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009075
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Abstract The analysis of composite materials using optical microscopy is a process that can be made easy and efficient with only a few contrast methods and preparation techniques. This article is intended to provide information that will help an investigator select the appropriate microscopy...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003219
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract Physical vapor deposition (PVD) coatings are harder than any metal and are used in applications that cannot tolerate even microscopic wear losses. This article describes the three most common PVD processes: thermal evaporation, sputtering, and ion plating. It also discusses ion...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006770
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... Abstract X-ray spectroscopy is generally accepted as the most useful ancillary technique that can be added to any scanning electron microscope (SEM), even to the point of being considered a necessity by most operators. While “stand-alone” x-ray detection systems are used less frequently...
Book Chapter

By Ronald J. Parrington
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006776
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... of failure. This article begins with an abbreviated summary of fatigue processes and mechanisms. Characteristic fatigue fracture features that can be discerned visually or under low magnification are then described. Typical microscopic features observed on structural metals are presented subsequently...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006660
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... microscope and describes transmission Kikuchi diffraction. It begins with a discussion on the origins of EBSD and the collection of EBSD patterns. This is followed by sections providing information on EBSD spatial resolution and system operation of EBSD. Various factors pertinent to perform an EBSD...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005168
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... Abstract This article discusses the numerical simulation of the forming of aluminum alloy sheet metals. The macroscopic and microscopic aspects of the plastic behavior of aluminum alloys are reviewed. The article presents constitutive equations suitable for the description of aluminum alloy...