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microscale analysis
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006759
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... failure analysis. It describes the general considerations for bulk and microscale chemical analysis in failure analysis, the most effective techniques to use for organic or inorganic materials, and examples of using these techniques. The article discusses the processes involved in the chemical analysis...
Abstract
Chemical analysis is a critical part of any failure investigation. With the right planning and proper analytical equipment, a myriad of information can be obtained from a sample. This article presents a high-level introduction to techniques often used for chemical analysis during failure analysis. It describes the general considerations for bulk and microscale chemical analysis in failure analysis, the most effective techniques to use for organic or inorganic materials, and examples of using these techniques. The article discusses the processes involved in the chemical analysis of nonmetallics. Advances in chemical analysis methods for failure analysis are also covered.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006775
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... propagation fractography metals microscale models root-cause failure analysis specimen preparation void coalescence void nucleation THE CONCEPT OF DUCTILE AND BRITTLE BEHAVIOR generally applies to the macroscopic scale. However, there is no universally accepted transition point from ductile...
Abstract
This article focuses on characterizing the fracture-surface appearance at the microscale and contains some discussion on both crack nucleation and propagation mechanisms that cause the fracture appearance. It begins with a discussion on microscale models and mechanisms for deformation and fracture. Next, the mechanisms of void nucleation and void coalescence are briefly described. Macroscale and microscale appearances of ductile and brittle fracture are then discussed for various specimen geometries (smooth cylindrical and prismatic) and loading conditions (e.g., tension compression, bending, torsion). Finally, the factors influencing the appearance of a fracture surface and various imperfections or stress raisers are described, followed by a root-cause failure analysis case history to illustrate some of these fractography concepts.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003538
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... it is conceptually possible to identify loading conditions from microscale dimple morphology and is an important tool in failure analysis, in practice it is not always possible to obtain this information due to rubbing contact of the two surfaces. (However, as discussed elsewhere in this section, the macroscale...
Abstract
This article provides a description of the microscale models and mechanisms for deformation and fracture. Macroscale and microscale appearances of ductile and brittle fracture are discussed for various specimen geometries and loading conditions. The article reviews the general geometric factors and materials aspects that influence the stress-strain behavior and fracture of ductile metals. It highlights fractures arising from manufacturing imperfections and stress raisers. The article presents a root cause failure analysis case history to illustrate some of the fractography concepts.
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006874
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... Abstract Identification of the fracture mechanism is one of the principal responsibilities of a failure analyst and is an important component of any root-cause analysis. This article explores the varied mechanisms responsible for metal fracture, particularly regarding fractography. The behavior...
Abstract
Identification of the fracture mechanism is one of the principal responsibilities of a failure analyst and is an important component of any root-cause analysis. This article explores the varied mechanisms responsible for metal fracture, particularly regarding fractography. The behavior of engineering materials at fracture is based on a large number of interrelated characteristics from the atomic level to the component level. These characteristics range from ductile to brittle at the microscale and macroscale levels. Fundamental relative ductility results from the type of electronic bonding, the crystal structure, and the broader long-range degree of order. It provides detailed discussion on ductile fracture, brittle fracture, mixed fracture, embrittlement, stress-corrosion cracking.
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006842
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... Abstract This article addresses macroscale fracture appearances, microscale fracture-surface appearances or morphologies, fracture mechanisms, and those factors that influence fractures and fracture appearances. Some of the macroscopic and microscopic features identified by the failure analyst...
Abstract
This article addresses macroscale fracture appearances, microscale fracture-surface appearances or morphologies, fracture mechanisms, and those factors that influence fractures and fracture appearances. Some of the macroscopic and microscopic features identified by the failure analyst to evaluate the fracture surfaces of metals and plastics are described and compared.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0005695
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... analysis can be confusing or interpreted variously by different persons. Cases in point include mode, stress cracking, ductile, brittle , and cleavage . An example of the evolution of definitions, as previously noted, is the term quasi-cleavage, which is truly a form of cleavage and a microscale...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006798
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... Abstract This article is a compilation of terms and definitions related to failure analysis and prevention. This glossary is intended to help promote clear thinking and useful failure analysis. The definitions presented are those used in this volume and reflect common and modern understanding...
Abstract
This article is a compilation of terms and definitions related to failure analysis and prevention. This glossary is intended to help promote clear thinking and useful failure analysis. The definitions presented are those used in this volume and reflect common and modern understanding of these terms as used in the literature and in reports by practicing failure analysts.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006840
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... Abstract This glossary is a compilation of terms related to the analysis and prevention of component and equipment failures. It is intended to help promote clear thinking and useful failure analysis. The definitions presented are those used in this Volume and reflect a common and modern...
Abstract
This glossary is a compilation of terms related to the analysis and prevention of component and equipment failures. It is intended to help promote clear thinking and useful failure analysis. The definitions presented are those used in this Volume and reflect a common and modern understanding of these terms as used in the literature and in reports by practicing failure analysts.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006774
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... at the microscale, interpretations of larger fracture patterns can be completed even when microscopic evidence is obliterated. One example is fatigue crack propagation analysis where striations (microscopic signatures of crack propagation) may have been damaged due to postfracture exposure. In such a case...
Abstract
Engineering component and structure failures manifest through many mechanisms but are most often associated with fracture in one or more forms. This article introduces the subject of fractography and aspects of how it is used in failure analysis. The basic types of fracture processes (ductile, brittle, fatigue, and creep) are described briefly, principally in terms of fracture appearances. A description of the surface, structure, and behavior of each fracture process is also included. The article provides a framework from which a prospective analyst can begin to study the fracture of a component of interest in a failure investigation. Details on the mechanisms of deformation, brittle transgranular fracture, intergranular fracture, fatigue fracture, and environmentally affected fracture are also provided.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003537
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... on fracture in 1996 and 1997 ( Ref 12 and 13 ) demonstrate the continued close coupling between fracture mechanics, macroscopic and microscopic continuum mechanics, finite element analysis, dislocation theory, and fractography. Better quantitative understanding of fracture progression and of its microscale...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of fractography and explains how it is used in failure analysis. It reviews the basic types of fracture processes, namely, ductile, brittle, fatigue, and creep, principally in terms of fracture appearances, such as microstructure. The article also describes the general features of fatigue fractures in terms of crack initiation and fatigue crack propagation.
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006873
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... can be confirmed and augmented with microscale examination, mechanical testing, chemical analysis, stress analysis/modeling, and so on. Macroscale examination provides information indicating whether the fracture is ductile or brittle on the macroscale, and it almost always serves to identify...
Abstract
This article provides practical guidance for interpreting macroscale fracture appearances. It focuses on metallic fracture features. The article covers the important distinctions between ductile and brittle fracture and the influence of the type of loading on the facture-surface orientation. It discusses both ductile fracture and brittle fracture macroscale features. Finally, it delves into fracture-initiation sites and metal-processing effects on fracture appearance, including castings, powder metals, additive manufacturing, and surface treatments.
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0007025
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... an aluminum alloy component failed in ductile overload. Note that a 45° shear lip may also be observed in a brittle fracture (e.g., fatigue) if the final fast fracture is by ductile overload. On the microscale, ductile overload progresses in aluminum alloys by the classic mechanisms of nucleation, growth...
Abstract
Fracture of aluminum alloys can occur due to several failure types and/or fracture morphologies, including overload, intergranular fracture, fatigue, corrosion, and mixed-mode fracture. This article provides a detailed discussion on these failure types and/or fracture morphologies. It also presents the differences between wrought and cast aluminum products.
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006876
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... objectives of SEM examination of a fracture surface may include the following: identification of characteristic fracture features to aid in identifying fracture mechanism(s); characterization of material anomalies that may have influenced the fracture; qualitative or semiquantitative chemical analysis...
Abstract
This article presumes the reader has a basic understanding of the operation and principles of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The emphasis of this article is specifically on the application of SEM to the study of metallic and nonmetallic fracture surfaces, where the typical objectives of SEM examination of a fracture surface may include the following: identification of characteristic fracture features to aid in identifying fracture mechanism(s); characterization of material anomalies that may have influenced the fracture; qualitative or semiquantitative chemical analysis of component material(s); and qualitative or semiquantitative analysis of deposits or corrosion products on or near fracture surfaces.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003746
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... grinding, and often rough or fine polishing, may be required to eliminate interference from surface finish features created by the sectioning operation. Microscale Analysis Microscale analysis, possibly the most familiar to people who work outside of primary metal production facilities or forging...
Abstract
This article describes the sectioning process, some general practices, common tools, and guidelines on how to select a cutting tool for a given metallographic sectioning operation. It provides a discussion on the consumable-abrasive cutting and nonconsumable-abrasive cutting methods for metallographic sectioning. Other methods, including the use of hacksaws, shears, burning torches, wire saws, and electrical discharge machining, are also reviewed. The article reviews the issues related to the specimen test location for certification work as well as process troubleshooting and component failure analysis.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003395
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... the desired extensional, flexural, and torsional stiffnesses. The design at the microscale is more important than simply the orientation of the reinforcement. Failure mechanisms such as delamination, fiber microbuckling, fiber kinking, and transverse cracking all occur on the microscale and are sensitive...
Abstract
Designing composites for structural performance initially involves meeting a set of desired performance specifications at a minimum cost. This article discusses the factors that are considered in designing the manufacturing of polymeric composites. It describes the various aspects of manufacturing, forming process, and post-processing and fabrication for designing the composites.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003720
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Abstract This article provides an overview of the origin of metallography. It presents information on how to select a section from a specimen and prepare it for macroscopic analysis. The article describes the macroscopic analysis of steel fracture surfaces with emphasis on ductile, brittle...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the origin of metallography. It presents information on how to select a section from a specimen and prepare it for macroscopic analysis. The article describes the macroscopic analysis of steel fracture surfaces with emphasis on ductile, brittle, and fatigue fracture with illustrations. It discusses microanalysis with a focus on the method of light microscopy and includes information of scanning electron microscope in fractography. The article also explains the characteristics of solidification, transformation, deformation structures, and discontinuities that are present in a microstructure. It concludes with information on image analysis.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006387
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
..., atomic force microscopy can measure wear both at the microscale and the nanoscale, even at the atomic level; scanning electron microscopy can be used at the macroscale or the microscale; and transmission electron microscopy also can image wear regions at the microscale and the nanoscale. Wear...
Abstract
This article describes the determination of wear loss by measuring either mass change or dimensional change of lubricants and materials. It discusses the principles, advantages and disadvantages of mass loss measures and dimensional measures of wear. The article details wear measurement at the nanoscale, such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurement and scanning electron microscopy measurement. It reviews the techniques of wear measurement at the atomic level, namely, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurement and AFM combined with TEM measurement.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006767
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
..., and a procedure to deal with stress by determining maximum values through stress transformation is described. The article provides the stress analysis equations of typical component geometries and discusses some of the implications of the stress analysis relative to failure in components. It focuses on linear...
Abstract
This article describes concepts and tools that can be used by the failure analyst to understand and address deformation, cracking, or fracture after a stress-related failure has occurred. Issues related to the determination and use of stress are detailed. Stress is defined, and a procedure to deal with stress by determining maximum values through stress transformation is described. The article provides the stress analysis equations of typical component geometries and discusses some of the implications of the stress analysis relative to failure in components. It focuses on linear elastic fracture mechanics analysis, with some mention of elastic-plastic fracture mechanics analysis. The article describes the probabilistic aspects of fatigue and fracture. Information on crack-growth simulation of the material is also provided.
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0007038
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
.... These conclusions can be confirmed and augmented with microscale examination, mechanical testing, chemical analysis, stress analysis/modeling, and so on. Overload Fracture Appearances Fractures from monotonic (single-cycle) overload can be: Totally ductile Totally brittle Initially brittle...
Abstract
Many metal failures involve fracture, and fractography is an essential activity in many, if not most, failure analysis (FA) investigations. This article introduces and illustrates the role of fractography in an FA investigation. Basic guidelines are briefly presented for investigating a failure and how fractography helps the FA investigator determine evidence. Examples are given throughout this article on how the examination of fracture surfaces discerns various sources of crack initiation and mechanisms of crack growth. The procedures for analyzing fractures also include several steps and techniques that involve photographic documentation, proper specimen handling, and visual or microscopic examination. The article also briefly describes the use of metallography in fracture analysis along with case studies as illustrative examples of various fracture mechanisms and modes.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003530
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract This article describes the underlying fundamentals, applications, the relevance and necessity of performing proper stress analysis in conducting a failure analysis. It presents an introduction to the stress analysis of bodies containing crack-like imperfections and the topic...
Abstract
This article describes the underlying fundamentals, applications, the relevance and necessity of performing proper stress analysis in conducting a failure analysis. It presents an introduction to the stress analysis of bodies containing crack-like imperfections and the topic of fracture mechanics. The fracture mechanics approach is an important part of stress analysis at the tips of sharp cracks or discontinuities. The article reviews fracture mechanics concepts, including linear elastic fracture mechanics, elastic-plastic fracture mechanics, and subcritical fracture mechanics. It also provides information on the applications of fracture mechanics in failure analysis.
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