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microhardness testing
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in Failures of Pressure Vessels and Process Piping
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 19 Microhardness test results. (a) Arrangement and serial numbers of test positions. (b) Comparison of test results
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005795
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... methods of measuring case depth in steels, including chemical methods such as the combustion analysis and spectrographic analysis, microhardness test method, macroscopic and microscopic visual methods, and nondestructive methods. It contains a table that provides approximate equivalent hardness numbers...
Abstract
Case depth is the normal distance from the surface of the steel to the start of the core. Measurement of case depth is highly sensitive to the type of case hardening, original steel composition, quenching condition, and even to the testing method. This article describes the various methods of measuring case depth in steels, including chemical methods such as the combustion analysis and spectrographic analysis, microhardness test method, macroscopic and microscopic visual methods, and nondestructive methods. It contains a table that provides approximate equivalent hardness numbers for steel.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005798
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... Abstract This article presents the different hardness test methods used to measure the effectiveness of surface carbon control in carburized parts of steel. Common test methods include Rockwell hardness measurements, superficial Rockwell 15N testing, and microhardness testing. The article...
Abstract
This article presents the different hardness test methods used to measure the effectiveness of surface carbon control in carburized parts of steel. Common test methods include Rockwell hardness measurements, superficial Rockwell 15N testing, and microhardness testing. The article provides information on the microscopic method used to detect smaller variations in carbon content, and reviews consecutive cuts analysis and spectrographic analysis that are used to accurately evaluate the carbon concentration profile of carburized parts. It describes procedures of and precautions to be undertaken during shim stock analysis, which is used to measure the atmosphere carbon potential. The article includes a discussion on the electromagnetic nondestructive tests that are used to evaluate the case depth of case-hardened parts.
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Published: 31 October 2011
Fig. 27 Cross section of a DP780 steel weld with indentations from microhardness testing. Source: Ref 23
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Image
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 17 Hardness versus depth for surface-hardened pearlitic malleable irons. Curves labeled “Matrix” show hardness of the matrix, converted from microhardness tests. O, oil quenched and tempered to 207 HB before surface hardening; A, air cooled and tempered to 207 HB before surface hardening
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Image
Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 20 Hardness versus depth for surface-hardened pearlitic malleable irons. Curves labeled “Matrix” show hardness of the matrix, converted from microhardness tests. O, oil-quenched and tempered to 207 HB before surface hardening; A, air-cooled and tempered to 207 HB before surface hardening
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Image
Published: 31 August 2017
Fig. 13 Hardness versus depth for surface-hardened pearlitic malleable irons. Curves labeled “Matrix” show hardness of the matrix, converted from microhardness tests. O, oil quenched and tempered to 207 HB before surface hardening; A, air cooled and tempered to 207 HB before surface hardening
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Image
Published: 31 August 2017
Fig. 20 Hardness versus depth for surface-hardened pearlitic malleable irons. Curves labeled “Matrix” show hardness of the matrix, converted from microhardness tests. O, oil-quenched and tempered to 207 HB before surface hardening; A, air-cooled and tempered to 207 HB before surface hardening
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Image
Published: 01 October 2014
Fig. 2 Microhardness profile of 16 mm (0.63 in.) test bar of 8620 steel after gas carburization at 925 °C (1700 °F). Source: Ref 12
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003275
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
..., such as pressure, speed, angle of contact, and surface roughness, influence the results of the test. Consequently, its ability to give reproducible hardness values is rather limited, and reasonable accuracy is obtained only at the highest hardness levels. Ultrasonic Microhardness Testing Ultrasonic...
Abstract
Miscellaneous hardness tests encompass a number of test methods that have been developed for specific applications. These include dynamic, or "rebound," hardness tests using a Leeb tester or a Scleroscope; static indentation tests on rubber or plastic products using the durometer or IRHD testers; scratch hardness tests; and ultrasonic microindentation testing. This article reviews the procedures, equipment, and applications associated with these alternate hardness test methods.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001237
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... any significant changes in the material microstructure. Microhardness Testing Microhardness testing is a useful tool for the microstructural analysis of a finished surface. Information such as phase identification and fracture toughness data can be determined. Hardness is defined...
Abstract
Quantitative image analysis has expanded the capabilities of surface analysis significantly with the use of computer technology. This article provides an overview of the quantitative image analysis and optical microscopy. It describes the various steps involved in surface preparation of samples prone to abrasion damage and artifacts for quantitative image analysis.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001343
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... are tension tests (transverse and all-weld-metal), Charpy impact tests, fracture toughness tests, and a microhardness traverse. A transverse tensile test is primarily used to ensure that the welded joint is not the weak link in the final structure. In this case, a 305 × 32 mm (12.0 × 1.25 in.) specimen...
Abstract
This article describes the characterization of welds as a sequence of procedures, where each procedure is concerned with a finer scale of detail. The first level of characterization involves information that may be obtained by direct visual inspection and measurement of the weld. The article discusses nondestructive evaluation of welds by encompassing techniques that are used to characterize the locations and structure of internal and surface defects, including radiography, ultrasonic testing, and liquid penetrant inspection. It reviews the macrostructural characterization of a sectioned weld, including features such as number of passes; weld bead size, shape, and homogeneity; and the orientation of beads in a multipass weld. The article provides examples that describe how welds are characterized according to the procedures.
Book: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005730
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... Superficial hardness E384 Microhardness E1920 Metallographic preparation E2109 Microstructural evaluation G59 Microstructural evaluation G106 Microstructural evaluation B117 Microstructural evaluation Hardness Testing Hardness measurement of thermal spray coatings...
Abstract
This article describes the two commonly used standardized tests for determining the mechanical properties of thermal spray coatings: hardness testing and tensile adhesion testing. It discusses the destructive and non-destructive methods of residual-stress measurement. Electrochemical testing methodologies include two distinctly different methods: direct and alternating current impedance techniques for assessing the corrosion resistance of coating attributes. The article also reviews the testing methods for determining thermomechanical and environmental stability of thermal barrier coatings. It discusses the wear testing methodologies that are standardized by ASTM, including the pin-on-disk, block-on-ring, dry sand/rubber wheel, erosion, metallographic apparatus abrasion, fretting wear, cavitation, reciprocating ball-on-flat, impact, and rolling contact fatigue test. The article concludes with a discussion on the methods of testing abradability and erosion resistance in abradable coatings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003276
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
..., and conventional microhardness testers, the surface being tested should be at least within 2 or 3° of flatness—that is, close to 90° of the direction of travel of the indenter. For example, when odd-shaped workpieces do not have any surfaces parallel to the surface to be tested, it is often possible to provide...
Abstract
This article reviews the factors that have a significant effect on the selection and interpretation of results of different hardness tests, namely, Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers, and Knoop tests. The factors concerned include hardness level (and scale limitations), specimen thickness, size and shape of the workpiece, specimen surface flatness and surface condition, and indent location. The article focuses on the selection for specific types of materials, such as steels, cast irons, nonferrous alloys, and plastics, and industrial applications, of hardness tests.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005605
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
.... These methods include peel testing, push-pin testing, and microhardness/nanohardness testing. The article also reviews the issues to be addressed in maintaining UAM fabrication quality. fabrication quality machining mechanical properties metal tape metallurgical properties microhardness testing...
Abstract
The ultrasonic additive manufacturing (UAM) process consists of building up solid metal objects by ultrasonically welding successive layers of metal tape into a three-dimensional shape with periodic machining operations to create detailed features of the resultant object. This article provides information on the materials, welding parameters, process consumables, procedures, and applications of the UAM. It describes the methods for determining metallurgical and mechanical properties of solid metal parts to assess the range of materials and applications for which the process is suited. These methods include peel testing, push-pin testing, and microhardness/nanohardness testing. The article also reviews the issues to be addressed in maintaining UAM fabrication quality.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005863
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... and power for induction hardening, and describes common methods for measuring case depth, such as optical and microhardness, and surface hardness. It provides information on some complications and ambiguities associated with these measurements. The article also discusses the commonly used non-destructive...
Abstract
Induction hardening of steel components is the most common application of induction heat treatment of steel. This article provides a detailed account of electromagnetic and thermal aspects of metallurgy of induction hardening of steels. It describes induction hardening techniques, namely, scan hardening, progressive hardening, single-shot hardening, and static hardening. The article discusses the techniques used to control the heat pattern, and provides a brief review of quenching techniques used in the induction hardening. It provides guidelines for selecting the frequency and power for induction hardening, and describes common methods for measuring case depth, such as optical and microhardness, and surface hardness. It provides information on some complications and ambiguities associated with these measurements. The article also discusses the commonly used non-destructive testing methods, namely, magnetic particle testing, ultrasonic testing, and eddy current testing to evaluate induction-hardened components.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003241
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 20 (a) 20 22 These values are approximate only and are intended primarily as a guide: see test for example of use. Materials thinner than shown may be tested on a Tukon microhardness tester. The thickness of the workpiece should be at least 1 1 2 times the diagonal...
Abstract
This article reviews the various types of mechanical testing methods, including hardness testing; tension testing; compression testing; dynamic fracture testing; fracture toughness testing; fatigue life testing; fatigue crack growth testing; and creep, stress-rupture, and stress-relaxation testing. Shear testing, torsion testing, and formability testing are also discussed. The discussion of tension testing includes information about stress-strain curves and the properties described by them.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0009000
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... surfaces using a microhardness tester Figure 2 illustrates the sheet metal samples after drawing in the wear tests, where the sheet metal is HD-GA dual-phase (DP) 500 (DP500) without any stamping lubricant. Figure 3 depicts the dies and draw beads used in the wear tests. Figure 4 shows the 3-D...
Abstract
This article describes the laboratory techniques for direct measurement and quantification of die wear in verifying a proprietary die-wear predictor methodology. This method is based on a theoretical formula that can be used to predict the rate of die wear and the life of a die surface coating, applicable to both mild steel and high-strength steels stampings. The article discusses the behavior of the surface conditions through quantitative measurements and surface analyses conducted throughout the wear tests. The surface conditions include surface roughness, surface morphology, microstructure, interfacial friction, surface temperatures, and wear rate.
Image
Published: 31 December 2017
Fig. 18 Microhardness profiles in eroded samples for three different metallic alloys: aluminum alloy 7075, nickel-aluminum-bronze alloy C95400, and duplex stainless steel A2205. Mass loss tests were conducted in the LEGI cavitation erosion tunnel ( Fig. 9 ). Upstream pressure 40 bar
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Image
Published: 31 December 2017
Fig. 38 Microhardness surveys on case-hardened steels. (Upper two rows of graphs) Results of hardness traverses made with Knoop indenter (100 g load) on cross sections of the steels after they were nitrided for 48 h at 525 °C (975 °F). White layer was removed by polishing before hardness
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