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microhardness analysis
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Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001237
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... of samples prone to abrasion damage and artifacts for quantitative image analysis. abrasion artifacts abrasion damage computer technology microhardness analysis microstructural analysis optical microscopy quantitative image analysis sample preparation surface analysis surface finishing...
Abstract
Quantitative image analysis has expanded the capabilities of surface analysis significantly with the use of computer technology. This article provides an overview of the quantitative image analysis and optical microscopy. It describes the various steps involved in surface preparation of samples prone to abrasion damage and artifacts for quantitative image analysis.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005798
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... Abstract This article presents the different hardness test methods used to measure the effectiveness of surface carbon control in carburized parts of steel. Common test methods include Rockwell hardness measurements, superficial Rockwell 15N testing, and microhardness testing. The article...
Abstract
This article presents the different hardness test methods used to measure the effectiveness of surface carbon control in carburized parts of steel. Common test methods include Rockwell hardness measurements, superficial Rockwell 15N testing, and microhardness testing. The article provides information on the microscopic method used to detect smaller variations in carbon content, and reviews consecutive cuts analysis and spectrographic analysis that are used to accurately evaluate the carbon concentration profile of carburized parts. It describes procedures of and precautions to be undertaken during shim stock analysis, which is used to measure the atmosphere carbon potential. The article includes a discussion on the electromagnetic nondestructive tests that are used to evaluate the case depth of case-hardened parts.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005795
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... methods of measuring case depth in steels, including chemical methods such as the combustion analysis and spectrographic analysis, microhardness test method, macroscopic and microscopic visual methods, and nondestructive methods. It contains a table that provides approximate equivalent hardness numbers...
Abstract
Case depth is the normal distance from the surface of the steel to the start of the core. Measurement of case depth is highly sensitive to the type of case hardening, original steel composition, quenching condition, and even to the testing method. This article describes the various methods of measuring case depth in steels, including chemical methods such as the combustion analysis and spectrographic analysis, microhardness test method, macroscopic and microscopic visual methods, and nondestructive methods. It contains a table that provides approximate equivalent hardness numbers for steel.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006649
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... are used to evaluate their physical and chemical properties. To ensure accurate characterization processes, it is extremely important to use adequate sampling techniques to collect representative samples for analysis. Sampling of Powder Generally, powder is a bulk material with particle size...
Abstract
This article uses metal and alloy powders as examples to briefly discuss how to perform the characterization of powders. It begins by reviewing some of the techniques involved in the sampling of powders to ensure accurate characterization. This is followed by a discussion on the important properties to characterize powders, namely the particle size, surface area, density, porosity, particle hardness, compressibility, green strength, and flowability. For characterization of powders, both individual particles and bulk powders are used to evaluate their physical and chemical properties. The article also discusses the important characteristics and compositions of powder as well as impurities that directly affect powder properties. It ends with a description of the ignition and dust-explosion characteristics of organic and metal powders.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001343
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
.... By comparison with Ti-6Al-4V base metal and (no shim) weld metal, it was determined that the weld metal could be treated as a slightly more heavily stabilized variant of Ti-6Al-4V. This analysis allowed its properties and performance to be reasonably predicted. Mechanical Testing Microhardness traverses...
Abstract
This article describes the characterization of welds as a sequence of procedures, where each procedure is concerned with a finer scale of detail. The first level of characterization involves information that may be obtained by direct visual inspection and measurement of the weld. The article discusses nondestructive evaluation of welds by encompassing techniques that are used to characterize the locations and structure of internal and surface defects, including radiography, ultrasonic testing, and liquid penetrant inspection. It reviews the macrostructural characterization of a sectioned weld, including features such as number of passes; weld bead size, shape, and homogeneity; and the orientation of beads in a multipass weld. The article provides examples that describe how welds are characterized according to the procedures.
Book: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005730
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... Superficial hardness E384 Microhardness E1920 Metallographic preparation E2109 Microstructural evaluation G59 Microstructural evaluation G106 Microstructural evaluation B117 Microstructural evaluation Hardness Testing Hardness measurement of thermal spray coatings...
Abstract
This article describes the two commonly used standardized tests for determining the mechanical properties of thermal spray coatings: hardness testing and tensile adhesion testing. It discusses the destructive and non-destructive methods of residual-stress measurement. Electrochemical testing methodologies include two distinctly different methods: direct and alternating current impedance techniques for assessing the corrosion resistance of coating attributes. The article also reviews the testing methods for determining thermomechanical and environmental stability of thermal barrier coatings. It discusses the wear testing methodologies that are standardized by ASTM, including the pin-on-disk, block-on-ring, dry sand/rubber wheel, erosion, metallographic apparatus abrasion, fretting wear, cavitation, reciprocating ball-on-flat, impact, and rolling contact fatigue test. The article concludes with a discussion on the methods of testing abradability and erosion resistance in abradable coatings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005812
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... steel composition, carburizing characteristics, mechanical properties testing, and microstructure analysis of 35Cr3SiMnMoV steel. carburizing high-carbon case mechanical properties microstructure steel supercarburizing SUPERCARBURIZING began in the 1970s as an attempt at a new mechanism...
Abstract
Supercarburizing, also referred to as high-concentration carburizing, carbide-precipitation carburizing, and carbide dispersion, is a carburizing method that results in a large amount of dispersed particulate carbide, with carbon content as high as 2 to 3%, to obtain surfaces with high hardness and good wear resistance. This article briefly reviews the process of supercarburizing using conventional carburizing steel as well as steels developed for supercarburizing, including 20CrMnMo steel, 20Cr2Ni4 steel, 35Cr3SiMnMoV steel, and 20CrMnTi steel. In addition, it discusses supercarburized steel composition, carburizing characteristics, mechanical properties testing, and microstructure analysis of 35Cr3SiMnMoV steel.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006761
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... techniques and discusses the advantages and limitations of each technique when used in failure analysis. The focus is on various types of static load testing, hardness testing, and impact testing. The testing types covered include uniaxial tension testing, uniaxial compression testing, bend testing, hardness...
Abstract
Mechanical testing is an evaluative tool used by the failure analyst to collect data regarding the macro- and micromechanical properties of the materials being examined. This article provides information on a few important considerations regarding mechanical testing that the failure analyst must keep in mind. These considerations include the test location and orientation, the use of raw material certifications, the certifications potentially not representing the hardware, and the determination of valid test results. The article introduces the concepts of various mechanical testing techniques and discusses the advantages and limitations of each technique when used in failure analysis. The focus is on various types of static load testing, hardness testing, and impact testing. The testing types covered include uniaxial tension testing, uniaxial compression testing, bend testing, hardness testing, macroindentation hardness, microindentation hardness, and the impact toughness test.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005343
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... Abstract This article reviews the failure analysis process with specific reference to the considerations that should be addressed when a casting has failed. It describes the failure analysis methodology for three failed cast components: an aluminum bracket, a bronze suction roll, and a steel...
Abstract
This article reviews the failure analysis process with specific reference to the considerations that should be addressed when a casting has failed. It describes the failure analysis methodology for three failed cast components: an aluminum bracket, a bronze suction roll, and a steel automotive spindle. The article discusses failure analysis investigation by obtaining casting background information, planning the evaluation and selecting the appropriate casting for analysis, conducting a preliminary examination, conducting the proper material evaluations, and thoroughly evaluating the test data. It concludes with information on case studies that show how the methodology is adapted for differing materials, failure mechanisms, and failure circumstances.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001239
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... Abstract Thermal phenomena play a key role in the mechanics of surface finishing processes. This article provides information on the analysis and measurement of temperatures and associated thermal damage generated by finishing processes that are essential to the production of engineered...
Abstract
Thermal phenomena play a key role in the mechanics of surface finishing processes. This article provides information on the analysis and measurement of temperatures and associated thermal damage generated by finishing processes that are essential to the production of engineered components with controlled surface properties. Emphasis is placed on kinematically simple configurations of finishing processes, such as surface grinding, flat surface polishing, and lapping.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003270
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... measurement may be a useful characterization technique for different properties of polymers, such as storage and loss modulus. Similarly, the measured hardness of ceramics and glasses may relate to their fracture toughness, and there appears to be some correlation between microhardness and compressive...
Abstract
Hardness testing is perhaps the simplest and the least expensive method of mechanically characterizing a material. This article provides an overview of the principles of hardness testing. It compares Brinell with Meyer hardness testing and hardness testing of fully cold worked metals with fully annealed metals. The article discusses the plastic deformation of ideal plastic metals under an indenter, by a flat punch, and by spherical indenters. The classification of the hardness tests using various criteria, including type of measurement, magnitude of indentation load, and nature of the test, is also provided.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003302
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... (>10 3 /s). Such studies have considerable relevance in the analysis of structures subjected to impact, high-velocity sliding wear, crash, and so on. For example, in the field of wear of materials, Meng and Ludema ( Ref 12 ) pointed out that 28 generic erosion models have been used to predict the wear...
Abstract
This article describes a method for determining the dynamic indentation response of metals and ceramics. This method, based on split Hopkinson pressure bar testing, can determine rate-dependent characteristics of metals and ceramics at moderate strain rates. For example, dynamic indentation testing reveals a significant effect of loading rates on the hardness and the induced plastic zone size in metals and on the hardness and induced crack sizes of brittle materials. The article also explains the rebound and pendulum methods for dynamic hardness testing.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005800
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
...) 5, and (d) 10% strain The volume fraction of retained austenite measured by EBSD, where all data with confidence index lower than 0.05 were excluded from the analysis as dubious, is a little lower than the one measured by x-ray diffraction, as shown in Table 3 . This behavior is consistent...
Abstract
Quenching and partitioning (Q&P) steel is a term used to describe a series of C-Si-Mn, C-Si-Mn-Al, or other steels subjected to the quenching and partitioning heat treatment process. This article discusses the Q&P steel's chemical compositions and mechanical properties, and provides an overview of the important background and product characteristics with a focus on the automotive sheet steel application. It schematically represents the continuous annealing process, consequent phase-transformation behaviors, and forming-limit curves of Q&P steels. The article describes the parameters associated with resistance spot welding, laser welding, and metal active gas welding. It also provides useful information of retained austenite volume fraction measured by x-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction. The article also examines microstructure evolution during tensile testing at different strain levels using electron backscatter diffraction.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006836
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
.... It also covers failures of shape memory alloy springs and failures caused by corrosion and operating conditions. corrosion failure analysis fatigue failures material defects mechanical springs shape memory alloys MECHANICAL SPRINGS are used in mechanical components to exert force, provide...
Abstract
Mechanical springs are used in mechanical components to exert force, provide flexibility, and absorb or store energy. This article provides an overview of the operating conditions of mechanical springs. Common failure mechanisms and processes involved in the examination of spring failures are also discussed. In addition, the article discusses common causes of failures and presents examples of specific spring failures, describes fatigue failures that resulted from these types of material defects, and demonstrates how improper fabrication can result in premature fatigue failure. It also covers failures of shape memory alloy springs and failures caused by corrosion and operating conditions.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0005586
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... channeling pattern ECR electron cyclotron resonance E d displacement energy EDM electrical discharge machining EDS energy-dispersive spectrometer EDX energy-dispersive spectroscopy EDXA energy dispersive x-ray analysis EEC erosion-enhanced corrosion...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006826
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... abusive grinding. (c) Plot of microhardness alterations. (d) Plot of residual stress. (e) Plot of fatigue strength The heat from the abusive grinding altered the microhardness in a zone 0.33 mm (0.013 in.) deep ( Fig. 6c ). A residual-stress profile was obtained by using x-ray diffraction...
Abstract
The first part of this article focuses on two major forms of machining-related failures, namely machining workpiece (in-process) failures and machined part (in-service) failures. Discussion centers on machining conditions and metallurgical factors contributing to (in-process) workpiece failures, and undesired surface layers and metallurgical factors contributing to (in-service) machined part failures. The second part of the article discusses the effects of microstructure on machining failures and their preventive measures.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005863
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... and power for induction hardening, and describes common methods for measuring case depth, such as optical and microhardness, and surface hardness. It provides information on some complications and ambiguities associated with these measurements. The article also discusses the commonly used non-destructive...
Abstract
Induction hardening of steel components is the most common application of induction heat treatment of steel. This article provides a detailed account of electromagnetic and thermal aspects of metallurgy of induction hardening of steels. It describes induction hardening techniques, namely, scan hardening, progressive hardening, single-shot hardening, and static hardening. The article discusses the techniques used to control the heat pattern, and provides a brief review of quenching techniques used in the induction hardening. It provides guidelines for selecting the frequency and power for induction hardening, and describes common methods for measuring case depth, such as optical and microhardness, and surface hardness. It provides information on some complications and ambiguities associated with these measurements. The article also discusses the commonly used non-destructive testing methods, namely, magnetic particle testing, ultrasonic testing, and eddy current testing to evaluate induction-hardened components.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006837
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... equipment. axle journal failures bearing failures corrosion coupler failures failure analysis pitting corrosion rail failures railroad components track equipment failures wheel failures Freight Railroad Industry The railroad industry is one of the most arduous engineering environments...
Abstract
Because of the tough engineering environment of the railroad industry, fatigue is a primary mode of failure. The increased competitiveness in the industry has led to increased loads, reducing the safety factor with respect to fatigue life. Therefore, the existence of corrosion pitting and manufacturing defects has become more important. This article presents case histories that are intended as an overview of the unique types of failures encountered in the freight railroad industry. The discussion covers failures of axle journals, bearings, wheels, couplers, rails and rail welds, and track equipment.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006758
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... depending on what information is desired, for chemical analysis and microhardness testing or other destructive testing such as mechanical and physical testing. The combined results of the NDE and destructive testing can ultimately present the most complete case for determining the mode, location...
Abstract
The goal of using nondestructive evaluation (NDE) in conjunction with failure analysis is to obtain the most comprehensive set of data in order to characterize the details of the damage and determine the factors that allowed the damage to occur. The NDE results can be used to determine optimal areas upon which to focus for sectioning and metallography in order to further investigate the condition of the component. This article provides information on the inspection method available for failure analysis, including standard methods such as visual testing, penetrant testing, and magnetic particle testing. It covers the effects of various factors on the properties of the part that may impact failure analysis, describes the characterization of damage modes and crack sizes, and finally discusses the processes involved in application of NDE results to failure analysis.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.9781627082952
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
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