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microgravity
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Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005228
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... discusses various microgravity solidification experiments that involve pure metals, alloys, and semiconductors and presents the official NASA acronyms for them. MEPHISTO, TEMPUS, the isothermal dendritic growth experiment, and advanced gradient heating facility, are also discussed. crystal growth...
Abstract
Gravity has profound influences on most solidification and crystal growth processes. Modification of gravity over practical time scales for the purposes of modifying or controlling solidification proves to be a far more daunting and expensive technological challenge. This article discusses various microgravity solidification experiments that involve pure metals, alloys, and semiconductors and presents the official NASA acronyms for them. MEPHISTO, TEMPUS, the isothermal dendritic growth experiment, and advanced gradient heating facility, are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005522
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... microgravity solidification thermophysical properties FOR A WIDE RANGE of new or better products, solidification processing of metallic materials from the melt is a step of uppermost importance in the industrial production chain. Examples of such advanced products include turbine blades for energy...
Abstract
For a wide range of new or better products, solidification processing of metallic materials from the melt is a step of uppermost importance in the industrial production chain. This article discusses the casting and solidification of molten metallic alloy along with the application of low-gravity platforms and facilities for solidification processing. It provides a description of dendritic growth studies and electromagnetic levitation. The article concludes with information on the in situ and real-time monitoring of solidification processing.
Image
in Thermophysical Properties of Liquids and Solidification Microstructure Characteristics—Benchmark Data Generated in Microgravity
> Metals Process Simulation
Published: 01 November 2010
Fig. 7 (a) Postmortem observation of transverse cross section of a columnar dendritic array formed in microgravity at V = 4.2 μm/s and G = 30 K/cm in Al-26wt%Cu (D1-Spacelab mission, 1985), with huge dendrite spacing (1.5 mm) compared to that on Earth (450 μm). (b) Outputs: microgravity
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Image
Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 1 Left: Astronauts at work on orbit in Spacelab . Right: United States Microgravity Payload-4 configuration of microgravity solidification experiments MEPHISTO, AADSF, and IDGE in the open Shuttle bay during STS-87 (see text for a description of experiments). Columbia is flying
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Image
in Thermophysical Properties of Liquids and Solidification Microstructure Characteristics—Benchmark Data Generated in Microgravity
> Metals Process Simulation
Published: 01 November 2010
dendritic branches that are not identical to one another, because the arms are not feeling neighbor interactions at the same time. (c) Input on the columnar-to-equiaxed transition in unrefined Al-7wt%Si from the microgravity experiment MACE A in the sounding rocket Maxus 7 and corresponding R2sol
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in Thermophysical Properties of Liquids and Solidification Microstructure Characteristics—Benchmark Data Generated in Microgravity
> Metals Process Simulation
Published: 01 November 2010
for the Study of Critical Liquids and Crystallization (DECLIC)-Directional Solidification Insert of the French Space Agency, CNES ( Ref 41 , 42 ), showing that the localization of vertical dendrites at the center in the ground experiment (a) is effectively cured in microgravity experiments under diffusion
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Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 24 Surface-rendered 3D microstructure of tungsten grains reconstructed from a stack of serial sections for specimens processed in microgravity for 1 min. This segment is about 5% of the total serially sectioned microstructural volume. Source: Ref 30
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Image
in Quantitative Characterization and Representation of Global Microstructural Geometry
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 33 Bivariate distribution of three-dimensional coordination numbers of tungsten grains in a 83 wt% W-Ni-Fe alloy specimen liquid phase sintered in microgravity environment for 1 min at 1507 °C (2745 °F). The Z -axis is the fraction of grains having a given coordination number, and grain
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Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 22 Typical microstructure of an 83W-11.9Ni-5.1Fe (wt%) alloy specimen, liquid phase sintered at 1780 K for 1 min in a microgravity environment. (a) A montage of 25 microstructural fields, which is digitally compressed for display. (b) Each field of view (FOV) (e.g., PQRS) in montage
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in Thermophysical Properties of Liquids and Solidification Microstructure Characteristics—Benchmark Data Generated in Microgravity
> Metals Process Simulation
Published: 01 November 2010
17 ) in microgravity (d) with regular equiaxed grains and (e) at 1 g with a strong settling effect
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Image
in Thermophysical Properties of Liquids and Solidification Microstructure Characteristics—Benchmark Data Generated in Microgravity
> Metals Process Simulation
Published: 01 November 2010
(bright or green area at top of sphere) elements at this computation time step. Courtesy of Ch.-A. Gandin, Centre for Material Forming (CEMEF), Chill Cooling for the Electro-Magnetic Levitator in Relation with Continuous Casting of Steel (CCEMLCC), European Space Agency-Microgravity Applications Promotion
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001465
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... Space presents a unique welding environment and many technological challenges. The most obvious and dramatic factors are microgravity and high vacuum. Microgravity in earth orbit occurs due to the centrifugal force of the orbiting craft that counters the effects of gravity, making the spacecraft and all...
Abstract
Welding as an assembly process has become increasingly more attractive to designers of space structures because of its sufficient strength, endurance, reliability during their service lives, and ease of repair. This article reviews a variety of applications for welding in space and low-gravity environments and describes the unique aspects of the space environment. It compares the applicable welding processes, namely, electron-beam welding, laser-beam welding, and gas-tungsten arc welding and examines the metallurgy of low-gravity welds. Steps taken to ensure the continued development of welding technology in space are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005514
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... be achieved ( Ref 4 ). Measurement of properties in microgravity: This technique uses drop tubes and suborbital (parabolic flights and sounding rockets) and space flights. A number of advantages are claimed, such as the precise control of the surrounding atmosphere, the elimination of gravitational...
Abstract
The measurement of thermophysical properties of metal alloys, especially at high temperatures, is difficult because of the reactivity of some alloys. This article reviews the methods available for measurement of thermal and other physical properties for liquid, semi-solid, and solid commercial alloys, including adiabatic calorimetry, modulated calorimetry, Calvet calorimetry, single-pan calorimetry, and drop calorimetry. It describes differential scanning calorimetry and differential temperature analysis for measuring transition temperatures such as phase transformation or glass transition temperatures. The article schematically illustrates the laser flash apparatus for measuring the thermal diffusivity of solids and oscillation viscometer for measurements of the viscosity of metals. A summary of the measurement methods is presented in tables.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003759
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
Abstract
The objective of quantitative metallography/stereology is to describe the geometric characteristics of the features. This article discusses the geometric attributes of microstructural features that can be divided into: the numerical extents and the number density of microstructural features; derived microstructural properties; feature specific size, shape, and orientation distributions; and descriptors of microstructural spatial clustering and correlations. It emphasizes on the practical aspects of the measurement techniques and applications. The article also provides information on the quantitative metallographic methods for estimation of volume fraction, total surface area per unit volume, and total length of per unit volume.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005227
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... with ZrO 2 . Source: Ref 60 Research on particle pushing by solidifying interfaces in cast MMCs has been focused on modeling the effects of thermal properties ( 24 ), solute diffusion ( Ref 13 ), gravity, and microgravity ( Ref 36 ). Other areas of focus have included the effects of convection...
Abstract
This article discusses the solidification of a matrix alloy in cast metal matrix composites (MMCs). It begins with a discussion on the mixing techniques in reinforcement incorporation and wettability of reinforcement. It describes the solidification processes, such as stir mixing and melt infiltration, used in the synthesis of MMCs. The article also considers the fundamentals of the process and presents a computational modeling of particle/solidification front interactions in metal-ceramic systems. The article concludes with information on nanocomposites.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005538
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... Stress Data for the Simulation of Metal-Forming Processes,” “Thermophysical Properties,” “Thermophysical Properties of Liquids and Solidification Microstructure Characteristics: Benchmark Data Generated in Microgravity,” “Measurement of Thermophysical Properties at High Temperatures for Liquid...
Abstract
This article discusses process simulation applications such as casting, powder metallurgy, machining, surface engineering, heat treatment, and joining. The implementation of modeling and simulation tools requires accurate descriptions of material properties and process boundary conditions. The article describes the role of input data and boundary conditions for process simulations. It provides information on the critical enablers of computational materials engineering, such as the computational speed, computational materials engineering software/hardware supply chain, and cost structure for virtual versus physical manufacturing and analysis.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003760
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Example 8: Grain-Size Distribution Measurements in a Liquid Phase Sintered Alloy <xref rid="a0003760-ref30" ref-type="bibr">(Ref 30)</xref> Grain-size distribution measurements were performed on a 83W-11.9Ni-5.1Fe (wt%) alloy specimen, liquid phase sintered at 1780 K for 1 min in a microgravity...
Abstract
Three-dimensional microscopy can be used to reveal the shape, distribution, and connectivity of three-dimensional (3D) features that lie buried within an opaque material. This article discusses several experimental techniques that can be used to generate 3D images. These include serial sectioning, focused ion beam tomography, atom probe tomography, and X-ray microtomography. Nine case studies are presented that represent the work of the various research groups currently working on 3D microscopy using serial sectioning and illustrate the variants of the basic experimental techniques. The article also discusses the techniques for reconstruction and visualization of 3D microstructures with advanced computer software and hardware.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006033
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... microgravity conditions, to then predict the expected shapes for various gravitational conditions: Earth, Moon, Mars, and in space. The results show that gravity affects shape distortion during sintering ( Ref 40 ). Accordingly, the computer simulations can be used to reverse engineer the green component...
Abstract
This article discusses continuum modeling, which is the most relevant approach in modeling grain growth, densification, and deformation during sintering. Continuum plasticity models are frequently used to describe the mechanical response of metal powders during compaction. The article illustrates the typical procedure for computer simulation for press and sinter process. It describes the procedure to obtain the material properties based on the generalized Shima-Oyane model. The article presents a wide variety of tests, accounting for data on the grain growth, densification, and distortion where these data help in the development of a constitutive model for sintering simulation. Finally, the article provides information on the simulation approaches used to optimize die compaction and sintering.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005502
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... is thermally softened to a point where the internal sintering stress can induce densification.) Figure 11 shows sintering simulation results for a tungsten heavy alloy, relying on test data taken on Earth and under microgravity conditions, to then predict the expected shapes for various gravitational...
Abstract
This article presents the governing equations and methodologies to model the press and sinter powder metallurgy, including continuum, micromechanical, multiparticle, and molecular dynamics approaches. It describes the constitutive relation for compaction and sintering. The article discusses the experimental determination of material properties and simulation verification for compaction and sintering. It reviews the use of modeling and simulation of press and sinter powder metallurgy, including gravitational distorting in sintering, compaction optimization, sintering optimization, and coupled press and sinter optimization.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005240
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... using transient methods Choose crucible materials that contact the sample to minimize reactions Eliminate container levitation Measure properties in microgravity Control the composition of the atmosphere Mills et al. ( Ref 24 ) describe the necessity to exercise care when analyzing...
Abstract
There are several main sources of thermophysical property data that provide the most authoritative and comprehensive compilations of critically and systematically evaluated data that are presently available. This article provides thermophysical property data to assist in the materials properties selection for the simulation of casting processes. The measurements of thermophysical property are difficult due to high temperatures and the reactivity of some alloys. The article discusses the strategies adopted to minimize the effects of high temperatures and reactivity of alloys. It presents the thermophysical properties of pure metals and some commercial alloys and tabulates the enthalpy of fusion and solidus and liquidus temperatures for various alloys of commercial interest. The article also lists the density, thermal conductivity, surface tension, and viscosity for some commercial alloys.