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A. John Sedriks
By
George F. Vander Voort
By
Elwin Rooy
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Junsheng Wang
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Harvey R. Castner
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Paul E. Danielson, Richard C. Sutherlin
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Ellen E. Wright, Suzanne F. Uchneat
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C.T. Liu, J.O. Stiegler, F.H. (Sam) Froes
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Image
Insufficient rotation will produce a mixed-metallurgical structure upon spr...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 February 2024
Fig. 24 Insufficient rotation will produce a mixed-metallurgical structure upon spray quenching of a single-shot austenitized part.
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Image
Composite of micrographs of 7075-T6 rod illustrating metallurgical structur...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1998
Fig. 2 Composite of micrographs of 7075-T6 rod illustrating metallurgical structure directionality. 40×
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Book Chapter
Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels and Nickel Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003676
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... Abstract Stainless steels and nickel-base alloys are recognized for their resistance to general corrosion and other categories of corrosion. This article examines the effects of specific alloying elements, metallurgical structure, and mechanical conditioning on corrosion resistance...
Abstract
Stainless steels and nickel-base alloys are recognized for their resistance to general corrosion and other categories of corrosion. This article examines the effects of specific alloying elements, metallurgical structure, and mechanical conditioning on corrosion resistance of these materials. It provides information on the compositions of selected stainless steels, copper-nickel, and nickel-base alloys in a tabular form. The article also illustrates the compositional and property linkages for stainless steels and nickel-base alloys.
Book Chapter
Metallographic Technique for Ferrous Metals
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003245
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract Proper sectioning of the surface to be examined is a very important step in preparing steel specimens. The first step in preventing damage to the metallurgical structure is to minimize the amount of sectioning that is done. This article discusses the various metallographic techniques...
Abstract
Proper sectioning of the surface to be examined is a very important step in preparing steel specimens. The first step in preventing damage to the metallurgical structure is to minimize the amount of sectioning that is done. This article discusses the various metallographic techniques, namely mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching involved in the microstructural analysis of carbon and alloy steels, case hardening steels, cast iron, ferrous powder metallurgy alloys, wrought and cast stainless steels, tool materials, steel castings, iron-chromium-nickel heat-resistant casting alloys and different product forms of steels.
Book Chapter
Forging Design Involving Ribs and Bosses
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004038
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
..., metallurgical structure, measurement details, and design parameters, with supplementary data obtained from the examples of actual forgings. bosses forging forging design grain flow ribs RIBS AND BOSSES are integral functional elements or features of a forging that project outward from a web...
Abstract
Ribs and bosses are the integral functional elements or features of a forging that project outward from a web in a direction parallel to the ram stroke. This article describes the design, functions, and producibility of ribs and bosses. It relates their design to grain flow, metallurgical structure, measurement details, and design parameters, with supplementary data obtained from the examples of actual forgings.
Image
Composite of micrographs of flat-rolled 7075-T6 illustrating metallurgical ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1998
Fig. 1 Composite of micrographs of flat-rolled 7075-T6 illustrating metallurgical structure directionality. 40×
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Image
Zr705 plate. (a) Transverse, parent metal. (b) Longitudinal, weld metal, at...
Available to Purchase
in Metallography and Microstructures of Zirconium, Hafnium, and Their Alloys
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 35 Zr705 plate. (a) Transverse, parent metal. (b) Longitudinal, weld metal, attack polished, etchant procedure No. 5 ( Table 2 ), bright field. These photos show the presence of hydride platelets in the metallurgical structure. Original magnification: 200×
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Book Chapter
Aluminum Alloy Ingot Casting and Continuous Processes
Available to PurchaseBook: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005286
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... of upsets and draws to assure thoroughly wrought metallurgical structures before performing final hand (open die) or die forging. The use of extruded stock from billet and plate from rolling ingot is also common. Round cross-sectional ingots for forging range in diameters up to 97 cm (38...
Abstract
Ingot casting is the vital conduit between molten metal provided by primary production and recycling and the manufacture of aluminum and aluminum alloy products. A number of ingot casting processes have been developed to ensure the soundness, integrity, and homogeneity required by downstream manufacturing processes. This article starts with a review of the different forms of ingot and the molten-metal processing techniques involved in ingot casting. It then describes the open-mold casting and direct chill (DC) ingot casting processes. The process variations and solidification in the DC process are summarized. The article explains continuous processes, namely, twin-roll strip casting, slab casting, and wheel-belt processes. It concludes with information on postsolidification processes, including stress relief and scalping, and a discussion of safety practices for ingot casting.
Book Chapter
Aluminum Alloy Ingot Casting and Continuous Processes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006485
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... of upsets and draws to assure thoroughly wrought metallurgical structures before performing final hand (open die) or die forging. The use of extruded stock from billet and plate from rolling ingot is also common. Round cross-sectional ingots for forging range in diameters up to 97 cm (38...
Abstract
Ingot casting is the vital conduit between molten metal provided by primary production and recycling, and the manufacture of aluminum and aluminum alloy products. This article discusses various ingot forms, such as remelt ingot, billets, ingots for rolling, fabricating ingot, and particle ingot and powder. It describes the molten metal processing and ingot casting process in terms of open-mold casting and direct chill process. The article examines the continuous processes that provide commercial alternatives to conventional ingot casting. It reviews the postsolidification processes in terms of stress relief, homogenization, and scalping. The article concludes with a discussion on safety limited to ingot casting.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001474
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... are considered to be essential by most codes and standards. Welding Process A change of welding process will require requalification, because the process has a significant effect on the mechanical properties and metallurgical structure of the weld. Base Metal Changing from one type of base metal...
Abstract
Welding codes and standards usually require the qualification of welding procedures prior to being used in production. This is to ensure that welds will meet the minimum quality and mechanical property requirements for the application. This article provides an overview of the welding procedure qualification guidelines and test methods. It also reviews the codes, standards, and specifications that govern the design and fabrication of welded structures for the procedure qualification details that are appropriate for a given application.
Book Chapter
Qualification of Welding Procedures and Personnel
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005557
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... and metallurgical structure of the weld. Base Metal Changing from one base-metal type or thickness to another can affect weldability as well as the metallurgical and mechanical properties of the weld. Changes in base metals also can cause differences in weld penetration and weld fusion characteristics...
Abstract
Qualification of welding procedures and personnel is an important step to assure the quality and performance of any welded component or structure. This article summarizes common welding procedures, personnel qualification variables, and test methods. Welding procedure qualification tests can be categorized as either standard or special. The article discusses the purpose of qualifying a welding procedure to demonstrate that the resulting welds will meet prescribed quality standards and the qualification of the personnel.
Book Chapter
Metallography and Microstructures of Zirconium, Hafnium, and Their Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003782
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... of nucleation sites leads to a Widmanstätten or basketweave structure in the matrix. Intermetallic compounds or second-phase particles of Zr-Fe, Zr-Cr, or Zr-Ni will form as small precipitates in the metal structure ( Ref 1 ). Beta quenching during the metallurgical processing will help to distribute...
Abstract
Zirconium, hafnium, and their alloys are reactive metals used in a variety of nuclear and chemical processing applications. This article describes various specimen preparation procedures for these materials, including sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching. It reviews some examples of the microstructure and examination for zircaloy alloys, hafnium, zirconium, and bimetallic forms.
Book Chapter
Crystal Structure
Available to PurchaseBook: Alloy Phase Diagrams
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 27 April 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v03.a0006292
EISBN: 978-1-62708-163-4
... tabulates the assorted structure types of metallurgical interest arranged according to Pearson symbol. It also provides information on crystal defects, explaining some significant ones, such as point defects, line defects, stacking faults, and twins. atom position crystal defects crystal structure...
Abstract
This article defines crystallographic terms and concepts, including crystal structure, unit cell, structure symbols, lattice, space-group notation, and atom position. It schematically illustrates the atom positions, prototypes, structure symbols, space-group notations, and lattice parameters for some of the simple metallic crystals. A table that lists the crystal structures of various metal elements is presented. The crystal structures are described by the Pearson symbols for crystal system, space lattice, total number of atoms per unit cell, and prototype structure. The article tabulates the assorted structure types of metallurgical interest arranged according to Pearson symbol. It also provides information on crystal defects, explaining some significant ones, such as point defects, line defects, stacking faults, and twins.
Book Chapter
An Overview of Aircraft Accident Investigation and Component Failures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006821
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... Abstract This article focuses on failure analyses of aircraft components from a metallurgical and materials engineering standpoint, which considers the interdependence of processing, structure, properties, and performance of materials. It discusses methodologies for conducting aircraft...
Abstract
This article focuses on failure analyses of aircraft components from a metallurgical and materials engineering standpoint, which considers the interdependence of processing, structure, properties, and performance of materials. It discusses methodologies for conducting aircraft investigations and inspections and emphasizes cases where metallurgical or materials contributions were causal to an accident event. The article highlights how the failure of a component or system can affect the associated systems and the overall aircraft. The case studies in this article provide examples of aircraft component and system-level failures that resulted from various factors, including operational stresses, environmental effects, improper maintenance/inspection/repair, construction and installation issues, manufacturing issues, and inadequate design.
Book Chapter
Crystal Structure
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003722
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... groups, and equivalent positions. The article presents a table of assorted structure types of metallurgical interest arranged according to the Pearson symbol. It also schematically illustrates atom positions, prototypes, structure symbols, space-group notations, and lattice parameters for some...
Abstract
This article describes crystallographic terms and concepts and illustrates various crystal structures. The crystallographic terms described include crystal structure, unit cell, crystal system, lattice, structure symbols, space-group notation, structure prototype, atom positions, point groups, and equivalent positions. The article presents a table of assorted structure types of metallurgical interest arranged according to the Pearson symbol. It also schematically illustrates atom positions, prototypes, structure symbols, space-group notations, and lattice parameters for some of the simple metallic crystals. The article concludes with a description of some of the most significant crystal defects such as point defects, line defects, and stacking faults.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003681
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... alloying versus chemically reacted, adhered, or physically bonded layers. However, surface structures are produced that differ significantly from those obtained by conventional metallurgical processes. This latter characteristic further distinguishes surface modification from other conventional processes...
Abstract
Surface modification is the alteration of the surface composition or structure using energy or particle beams. This article discusses two different surface modification methods. The first, ion implantation, is the introduction of ionized species into the substrate using kilovolt to megavolt ion accelerating potentials. The second method, laser processing, is high-power laser melting with or without mixing of materials precoated on the substrate, followed by rapid melt quenching. The article also describes the advantages and disadvantages of the surface modification approach to promote corrosion resistance.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003972
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... consolidation, casting, deformation, or machining processes, it may require further processing to meet the product design objectives. Improved mechanical properties may require thermal treatment to modify the metallurgical structure, meeting dimensional tolerances may require finish grinding, and surface...
Abstract
This article reviews the general aspects of product design and provides an overview of the manufacturing processes and their relationship to design, with an emphasis on deformation processes. It discusses the various classes of deformation processes to illustrate their impacts on product design while taking advantage of the benefits of deformation processing.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001367
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... from class 2 copper, which may be faced with a harder material such as copper-infiltrated tungsten carbide. Fixturing used to join two cylindrical parts consists of a pair of electrodes confined in an alignment sleeve ( Fig. 2 ). The metallurgical structure of the weld area is that of a hot-worked...
Abstract
Upset welding (UW) is a resistance welding process utilizing both heat and deformation to form a weld. A wide variety of shapes and materials can be joined using upset welding in either a single-pulse or continuous mode. This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of upset welding, as well as the types of welds. The advantages include speed, ease of control, fewer defects, enhanced weld properties, simplicity of equipment, less-strict composition requirements, and ability to join difficult-to-weld materials. The article reviews the role of a homopolar generator as an alternative method for supplying the electrical current for upset welding.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006503
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... and properties. This article focuses on the effects of alloying and the metallurgical factors on phase constituents, structure, and properties of aluminum alloys. Effects from different combinations of alloying elements are described in terms of relevant alloy phase diagrams. The article addresses the underlying...
Abstract
This article provides a thorough review of the physical metallurgy of aluminum alloys and its role in determining the properties and from a design and manufacturing perspective. And its role in include the effects of composition, mechanical working, and/or heat treatment on structure and properties. This article focuses on the effects of alloying and the metallurgical factors on phase constituents, structure, and properties of aluminum alloys. Effects from different combinations of alloying elements are described in terms of relevant alloy phase diagrams. The article addresses the underlying alloying and structural aspects that affect the properties and possible processing routes of aluminum alloys. It provides information on the heat treatment effects on the physical properties of aluminum alloys and the microstructural effects on the fatigue and fracture of aluminum alloys. The important alloying elements and impurities are listed alphabetically as a concise review of major effects.
Book Chapter
Ordered Intermetallics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001102
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... and metallurgical properties, material processing and fabrication, structural applications, mechanical behavior, environmental embrittlement, alloying effects, and crystal structure of aluminides of nickel, iron, titanium, and silicides. It describes the cleavage and intergranular fracture in trialuminides...
Abstract
Ordered intermetallic compounds based on aluminides and silicides constitute a unique class of metallic materials that have promising physical and mechanical properties for structural applications at elevated temperatures. This article provides useful information on mechanical and metallurgical properties, material processing and fabrication, structural applications, mechanical behavior, environmental embrittlement, alloying effects, and crystal structure of aluminides of nickel, iron, titanium, and silicides. It describes the cleavage and intergranular fracture in trialuminides.
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