Fig. 15 Gating system that allows good metal flow. The desired metal flow is obtained in this system by proportioning the cross-sectional area of the choke of the spur to all the runners emanating from the sprue and to all of the gates in accordance with a 1:4:4 ratio. More

Fig. 1 Stoppage of metal flow. (a) Pinching of metal flow in a skin-freezing alloy with a narrow freezing range. (b) Choking of flow at the leading tip in an alloy with a long freezing range. Source: Ref 2 More

Fig. 3 Metal flow in forging. Effect of extent and direction of metal flow during forging on ductility. (a) Longitudinal and transverse ductility in flat-forged bars. (b) Axial and radial ductility in upset-forged bars More

Fig. 4 Wrinkles form when metal flow into an area is greater than metal flow out More

Fig. 3 Metal flow in forging. Effect of extent and direction of metal flow during forging on ductility. (a) Longitudinal and transverse ductility in flat-forged bars. (b) Axial and radial ductility in upset-forged bars More

Fig. 13 Metal flow in forging. Effect of extent and direction of metal flow during forging on ductility. (a) Longitudinal and transverse ductility in flat-forged bars. (b) Axial and radial ductility in upset-forged bars More

Fig. 1 Schematic showing stoppage of metal flow. (a) Pinching of metal flow in a skin-freezing alloy with a narrow freezing range. (b) Choking of flow at the leading tip in an alloy with a wide freezing range. Adapted from Ref 1 More

Fig. 34 Metal-flow patterns in forgings without and with flow-through defects. Source: Ref 2 More

Fig. 7 Metal pressure versus metal flow ( P - Q 2 ) diagram. (a) Effect of changing process parameters to determine or optimize process in die casting. (b) Software analysis of P - Q 2 More

Fig. 9 Metal pressure versus metal flow ( P - Q 2 ) diagram generated by process control software. The scale of volumetric flow rate ( Q) is clearly nonlinear. The upper scale is nominally set from 0 to 1000. The 0 to 7000 scale models a specific process. Courtesy of NADCA More

Fig. 10 Metal pressure versus metal flow ( P - Q 2 ) diagram and effects of changing process parameters to determine or optimize process in die casting. More

Fig. 6 Gating system for good metal flow More

Fig. 11 The diecasting designers opted for a center-shot gate for molten metal flow. This allowed metal to flow uniformly and rapidly into all the thin-wall ribs and outer rim. More

Fig. 26 Providing clear channels for metal flow in the mold simplified production of this casting and permitted gating at one end only. Investment mold cast; 8630 steel More

Fig. 29 To encourage metal flow in the 0.09-in. legs of this 4140 steel investment casting, ribs were added as shown. These were removed before shipment. More

Fig. 30 To encourage metal flow in the thin sections of this 4140 steel investment casting, the legs were tapered as shown. Compare with similar casting shown in Fig. 29 More

Fig. 6 Effect of corners on metal flow during the forging of rib sections. (a) Full-rounded top. (b) Flat top with large corner radius. (c) and (d) Flat top with small corner radius More

Fig. 4 Three different types of metal flow in direct extrusion. The die angle in these illustrations is 90°. More

Fig. 14 Hollow type II extrusion dies and metal flow mechanisms. (a) Die mandrel with billet entry port. (b) Die and billet 1 are lined up with the press to start extrusion. (c) Control volume of a hollow die. (d) Weld seam formation model. (e) Weld seam configuration with the mandrel port More

Fig. 25 Progression of metal flow in drawing a cup from a flat blank More