Fig. 30 Filled polypropylene structural member, approximately 5 mm (0.2 in.) thick, fractured in rapid overload. Curved rib marks on such overload fractures, as at arrows, have been erroneously identified as beach marks indicative of fatigue. Courtesy of W.G. Knauss, California Institute More

Fig. 5 Member states of the Ozone Transport Commission (OTC). Adapted from Ref 59 More

Fig. 7 Pitting depth measured on a bridge member. Note hole on left. Courtesy of KTA-Tator, Inc. More

Fig. 17 Three pairs of precision forged Ti-6Al-4V airfoils. Left member of each pair is as-forged; right member, as finish machined. The largest of the three pairs of airfoils measures approximately 152 mm (6 in.) wide at base and 610 mm (24 in.) long. More

Fig. 29 Stress and damage parameter profiles for a surface-processed bending member ( Ref 36 ) More

Fig. 5 Estimating completely reversed S - N curves for smooth and notched members according to procedures suggested by Juvinall or Shigley. Source: Ref 1 (p 423) More

Fig. 15 Two load histories applied to a notched member ( k t = 2.4) and the estimated notch stress-strain responses for 2024-T4 Al. The high-low overload in (a) produces a tensile mean stress, and the low-high overload in (b) produces the opposite. Adapted from Ref 16 More

Fig. 18 Load versus local strain behavior of a notched member showing three regions of behavior: no yielding (a), local yielding (b), and fully plastic yielding (c). Source: Ref 1 (p 594) More

Fig. 19 Steps required in strain-based life prediction for a notched member under constant amplitude loading. Source: Ref 1 (p 648) More

Fig. 21 Analysis of a notched member subjected to an irregular load versus time history. Notched member (a), having cyclic stress-strain and load-strain curves as in (b), is subjected to load history (c). The resulting load versus notch strain response is shown in (d), and the local stress More

Fig. 45 Forming tool setup for an automotive underbody cross-member panel More

Fig. 49 Trimming and piercing procedure for the automotive underbody cross-member panel More

Fig. 53 Definition of sections I and IV of the automotive underbody cross-member panel More

Fig. 54 Profiles of automotive underbody cross-member panels at (a) section I and (b) section IV for 5182-O sheet sample. Experimental and predicted profiles after springback are almost coincident. More

Fig. 35 Thickness profile for hat configuration formed with a convex die member, as shown in Fig. 33 . Material formed is Zn-22Al-0.15Cu at a forming temperature of 250 °C (480 °F). More

Fig. 36 Thickness profile for hat configuration formed with a concave die member, as shown in Fig. 34 . Material formed is Zn-22Al-0.15Cu at a forming temperature of 250 °C (480 °F). More

Fig. 8 Welded structural member that was straightened during and after heat treatment. Dimensions given in inches More

Fig. 36 Truck-frame cross member that was bent from edge-ground blanks to prevent cracking and tearing of the stretch flanges. Over the length of the two stretch flanges, the 7.9 mm ( 5 16 in.) inside bend radius was increased, varying to a maximum of 25 mm (1 in.). Dimensions given More

Fig. 51 Press-formed truck-frame member that was notched and spread to increase flange width locally and therefore save material in blanking. Dimensions given in inches More

Fig. 4 Fixed bridges. (a) Three-unit bridge consisting of inlay (left member), onlay (right member), and porcelain fused to alloy pontic (center member). Source: Ref 2 . (b) Five-unit bridge consisting of four porcelain fused to alloy members and one crown. Source: Ref 1 More