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Published: 09 June 2014
Image
Comparison of thermal properties for select materials. (a) Melting point. (...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2012
Fig. 1 Comparison of thermal properties for select materials. (a) Melting point. (b) Thermal conductivity
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Image
Low-temperature tensile properties of electron-beam-melted tantalum bar. Sa...
Available to Purchase
in Properties of Pure Metals
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 106 Low-temperature tensile properties of electron-beam-melted tantalum bar. Sample impurities: <0.003% C, <0.003% O 2 , 0.0008% N 2 , <0.08% other. Bar was annealed for 3 h at 1200 °C: hardness, 83 HV; grain size, ASTM No. 5. Crosshead speed: unnotched specimens, 0.5 mm/min
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Image
Elevated-temperature tensile properties of 1 mm thick electron-beam-melted ...
Available to Purchase
in Properties of Pure Metals
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 107 Elevated-temperature tensile properties of 1 mm thick electron-beam-melted tantalum sheet. Sample impurities (both lots): 0.0030% C, 0.0016% O 2 , 0.0010% N 2 , <0.040% other. Stress-relieved sheet was cold rolled 95% and stress-relieved for 1 4 h at 730 °C
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Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2026
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0007043
EISBN: 978-1-62708-489-5
... Abstract This article describes glass fibers derived from silica, alumina, and calcium oxide compositions. The section on general-purpose glass fibers provides an in-depth discussion of melt properties, fiber properties, methods of manufacture, and significant product types. The article...
Abstract
This article describes glass fibers derived from silica, alumina, and calcium oxide compositions. The section on general-purpose glass fibers provides an in-depth discussion of melt properties, fiber properties, methods of manufacture, and significant product types. The article discusses special-purpose glass fibers and reviews compositions, manufacture, properties, and applications to an extent commensurate with their commercial use. It addresses the generic glass melting and fiber forming process, including the viscosity-versus-temperature profile required for general-purpose E-glass fibers with and without boron. The article also discusses continuous multiend or single-end roving, woven roving (or noncrimp fabrics), fiberglass mats, chopped strands, and yarns for textile applications.
Book Chapter
Melting of Glasses and Oxides
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005907
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... crucible furnaces inductor crucible cold furnaces melt properties oxides THIS ARTICLE IS A BRIEF OVERVIEW of models of the following induction heating devices for melting with skull formation of low-conductivity materials: Induction crucible furnace, or ICF ( Fig. 1 ) Induction furnace...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the models of two induction heating devices, namely, induction crucible furnace (ICF) and induction furnace with slits, or segmented and water-cooled induction furnace with cold crucible (IFCC). These devices are used for melting with skull formation of low-conductivity materials such as glasses and oxides. The article presents the governing equations and boundary conditions for ICF and IFCC modeling. It includes a discussion on three electromagnetic field models in IFCC, namely, two-dimensional (2-D), quasi-three-dimensional, and three-dimensional (3-D) models. The article provides information on the simulation of skull formation in IFCC, and elucidates the transient axisymmetrical 2-D model and the transient 3-D model, including the primary results achieved for both glasses and skull formation.
Book Chapter
Glass Fibers
Available to PurchaseBook: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003353
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... Abstract This article discusses the types, oxide composition, as well as mechanical and physical properties of general-purpose and special-purpose glass fibers. It describes the glass melting and fiber forming processes and provides information on important commercial products...
Abstract
This article discusses the types, oxide composition, as well as mechanical and physical properties of general-purpose and special-purpose glass fibers. It describes the glass melting and fiber forming processes and provides information on important commercial products such as continuous roving, woven roving, fiberglass mat, chopped strand, and textile yarns.
Book Chapter
Metallurgy of Induction Melting Processes for Iron and Non-Iron Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005903
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... of the fundamental processes involved in producing all technically relevant materials. The metallurgical process engineering path via the liquid phase is used in the foundry industry particularly for producing molded parts. The desired material properties primarily are adjusted in the melt in this way. Subsequent...
Abstract
Interplays of metallurgical factors, such as dissolved oxygen, carbon, and silicon content, that control the molten metal from melting to pouring, have a decisive influence on the quality of the castings. This article focuses on the magnesium treatment and desulfurization carried out during inoculation and nucleation of molten cast iron, assisting in the formation of cast iron. The different types of cast irons are gray cast iron, nodular cast iron, compacted graphite iron, malleable cast iron, and alloyed cast iron. The article provides an overview of the melt treatment processes carried out in cast steel, wrought and cast aluminum, and copper materials.
Book Chapter
Vacuum Heat Treating Additively Manufactured Parts
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006561
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... stress relieving Introduction Additive manufacturing (AM) processes vary in build method, and the path to a finished product affects the resultant microstructure and mechanical properties. In the case of fusion/melt AM processes, such as laser powder bed fusion, also called selective laser...
Abstract
This article focuses on various vacuum heat treating processes for additively manufactured parts, namely annealing and stress relieving, solid-solution annealing, and solution treating and aging. It addresses several practical concerns involved in using vacuum heat treatment, including temperature measurement, unvented cavities, loose powder, and direct contact of metals in the high-temperature vacuum. The article provides a short discussion on sintering and evaporation of metals in vacuum furnaces.
Book Chapter
Fusible Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003161
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract Fusible alloys, eutectic and noneutectic, include a group of binary, ternary, quaternary, and quinary alloys containing bismuth, lead, tin, cadmium, and indium that melt at relatively low temperatures. This article describes the composition and mechanical properties of these alloys...
Abstract
Fusible alloys, eutectic and noneutectic, include a group of binary, ternary, quaternary, and quinary alloys containing bismuth, lead, tin, cadmium, and indium that melt at relatively low temperatures. This article describes the composition and mechanical properties of these alloys and lists the values of their composition and melting temperatures.
Book Chapter
Additive Manufacturing of Tungsten, Molybdenum, and Cemented Carbides
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006583
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... melting, and binder jet three-dimensional (3-D) printing, and feedstock methods, such as fused-filament fabrication and thermoplastic 3-D printing. It discusses the characteristics, processing steps, properties, advantages, limitations, and applications of these technologies. binder jetting...
Abstract
Tungsten, molybdenum, and cemented carbide parts can be produced using several additive manufacturing technologies. This article classifies the most relevant technologies into two groups based on the raw materials used: powder-bed methods, such as selective laser melting, electron beam melting, and binder jet three-dimensional (3-D) printing, and feedstock methods, such as fused-filament fabrication and thermoplastic 3-D printing. It discusses the characteristics, processing steps, properties, advantages, limitations, and applications of these technologies.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003175
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... hypereutectic melts, the bath temperature should be kept to a minimum, and impurities that react with phosphorous should be removed prior to modification treatment. Phosphorus refinement substantially improves mechanical properties and castability of hypereutectic alloys. Fig. 5 Effect of phosphorus...
Abstract
Aluminum alloys are primarily used for nonferrous castings because of their light weight and corrosion resistance. This article discusses at length the melting and metal treatment, structure control, sand casting, permanent mold casting, and die casting of aluminum alloys. It also covers the types and melting and casting practices of copper alloys, zinc alloys, magnesium alloys, titanium alloys, and superalloys, and provides a brief account on the casting technique of metal-matrix composites.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005338
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
..., and vacuum induction melting. Various casting processes, such as rammed graphite casting, static and centrifugal casting, and investment casting are reviewed. The article also provides information on the mechanical and chemical properties of zirconium castings. zirconium castings casting casting...
Abstract
This article describes typical foundry practices used to commercially produce zirconium castings. The foundry practices are divided into two sections, namely, melting and casting. The article discusses various melting processes, such as vacuum arc skull melting, induction skull melting, and vacuum induction melting. Various casting processes, such as rammed graphite casting, static and centrifugal casting, and investment casting are reviewed. The article also provides information on the mechanical and chemical properties of zirconium castings.
Book Chapter
Soldering
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003211
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... to be joined, applying a flux, assembling the parts, and applying the heat and solder. Flux residues are removed when the joint is cooled. Solder Alloys The primary criterion used to select a solder is its melting properties. Alloy selection is also determined by the heat sensitivity of the substrate...
Abstract
Soldering involves heating a joint to a suitable temperature and using a filler metal (solder) that melts below 450 deg C (840 deg F). Beginning with an overview of the specification and standards and applications, this article discusses the principal levels and effects of the most common impurity elements in tin-lead solders. It describes the various processes involved in the successful soldering of joints, including shaping the parts to fit closely together; cleaning and preparing the surfaces to be joined; applying a flux; assembling the parts; and applying the heat and solder.
Book Chapter
Effects of Composition, Processing, and Structure on Properties of Engineering Plastics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006915
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
..., and addresses related considerations such as melt viscosity and melt strength, crystallization, orientation, die swell, melt fracture, shrinkage, molded-in stress, and polymer degradation. composition elastic modulus engineering plastics polymer properties polymer structure shear rate...
Abstract
This article provides practical information and data on property development in engineering plastics. It discusses the effects of composition on submolecular and higher-order structure and the influence of plasticizers, additives, and blowing agents. It examines stress-strain curves corresponding to soft-and-weak, soft-and-tough, hard-and-brittle, and hard-and-tough plastics and temperature-modulus plots representative of polymers with different degrees of crystallinity, cross-linking, and polarity. It explains how viscosity varies with shear rate in polymer melts and how processes align with various regions of the viscosity curve. It discusses the concept of shear sensitivity, the nature of viscoelastic properties, and the electrical, chemical, and optical properties of different plastics. It also reviews plastic processing operations, including extrusion, injection molding, and thermoforming, and addresses related considerations such as melt viscosity and melt strength, crystallization, orientation, die swell, melt fracture, shrinkage, molded-in stress, and polymer degradation.
Book Chapter
Effects of Composition, Processing, and Structure on Properties of Engineering Plastics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002464
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... that must be considered when processing engineering thermoplastics are discussed. These include melt viscosity and melt strength; crystallization; orientation, die swell, shrinkage, and molded-in stress; polymer degradation; and polymer blends. chemical properties crystallization die swell...
Abstract
This article discusses the most fundamental building-block level, atomic level, molecular considerations, intermolecular structures, and supermolecular issues. It contains a table that shows the structures and lists the properties of selected commodity and engineering plastics. The article describes the effects of structure on thermal and mechanical properties. It reviews the chemical, optical, and electrical properties of engineering plastics and commodity plastics. An explanation of important physical properties, many of which are unique to polymers, is also included. The factors that must be considered when processing engineering thermoplastics are discussed. These include melt viscosity and melt strength; crystallization; orientation, die swell, shrinkage, and molded-in stress; polymer degradation; and polymer blends.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006068
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... practice for gas-atomized stainless steels more or less follow those used for wrought and cast stainless steels. However, because water-atomized stainless steels require good compacting properties, their raw materials selection, melting, and atomization differ in several important respects. Water...
Abstract
This article provides information on the process details that differ from general water atomization of metals as they relate to basic and engineering properties that are specific to stainless steel powders. The discussion focuses on the compacting-grade stainless steel powders. The process details include raw materials, melting method, and control of physical and chemical powder characteristics. The article describes the gas atomization of stainless steel powders and processes that are done after water atomization: drying, screening, annealing, and lubricating. It also discusses the two types of quality assurance testing measures for powder metallurgy stainless steels: tests for powder contamination and tests of chemical and physical properties.
Book Chapter
Physical, Chemical, and Thermal Analysis of Thermoplastic Resins
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006849
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... properties of polymer. This is followed by a section describing molecular weight determination using viscosity measurements. Next, the article discusses the use of cone and plate and parallel plate geometries in melt rheology. It then reviews the processes involved in the analysis of thermoplastic resins...
Abstract
This article addresses some established protocols for characterizing thermoplastics and whether they are homogeneous resins, alloyed, or blended compositions or highly modified thermoplastic composites. It begins with a discussion on characterizing mechanical, rheological, and thermal properties of polymer. This is followed by a section describing molecular weight determination using viscosity measurements. Next, the article discusses the use of cone and plate and parallel plate geometries in melt rheology. It then reviews the processes involved in the analysis of thermoplastic resins by chromatography. Finally, the article covers three operations of thermoanalysis, namely differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and thermomechanical testing.
Book Chapter
Effects of Process-Induced Defects on Fatigue Properties of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Metallic Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006985
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
.... The consequence of rapid solidification is strong segregation of niobium, titanium, and molybdenum to interdendritic regions. This results in the formation of Laves phase at interdendritic regions and delta phase at grain boundaries. Laves phase is associated with brittle and low-melting-temperature properties...
Abstract
Fatigue failure is a critical performance metric for additively manufactured (AM) metal parts, especially those intended for safety-critical structural applications (i.e., applications where part failure causes system failure and injury to users). This article discusses some of the common defects that occur in laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) components, mitigation strategies, and their impact on fatigue failure. It summarizes the fatigue properties of three commonly studied structural alloys, namely aluminum alloy, titanium alloy, and nickel-base superalloy.
Book Chapter
Additive Manufacturing of Titanium Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006581
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
...-6Al-4V from Elemental Powder Blends , J. Alloy. Compd. , Vol 22 , 2016 , p 810 – 816 10.1108/RPJ-10-2015-0140 10. Sing S.L. , Yeong W.Y. , and Wiria F.E. , Selective Laser Melting of Titanium Alloy with 50 wt% Tantalum: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties , J. Alloy...
Abstract
Titanium alloys are known for their high-temperature strength, good fracture resistance, low specific gravity, and excellent resistance to corrosion. Ti-6Al-4V is the most commonly used titanium alloy in the aerospace, aircraft, automotive, and biomedical industries. This article discusses various additive manufacturing (AM) technologies for processing titanium and its alloys. These include directed-energy deposition (DED), powder-bed fusion (PBF), and sheet lamination. The discussion covers the effect of AM on the microstructures of the materials deposited, static and mechanical properties, and fatigue strength and fracture toughness of Ti-6Al-4V.
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