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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005175
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... and compositions of fuel types such as acetylene, natural gas, propane, propylene, and methyl-acetylene-propadiene-stabilized gas. The article describes the effects of OFC on base metal, including carbon and low-alloy steels, cast irons, and stainless steels. It provides information on light cutting, medium...
Abstract
Oxyfuel gas cutting (OFC) includes a group of cutting processes that use controlled chemical reactions to remove preheated metal by rapid oxidation in a stream of pure oxygen. This article discusses the operation principles and process capabilities of the OFC. It reviews the properties and compositions of fuel types such as acetylene, natural gas, propane, propylene, and methyl-acetylene-propadiene-stabilized gas. The article describes the effects of OFC on base metal, including carbon and low-alloy steels, cast irons, and stainless steels. It provides information on light cutting, medium cutting, heavy cutting, and stack cutting. The article informs that the basic oxyfuel method can be modified to allow gas cutting of metals, such as stainless steel and most nonferrous alloys, that resist continuous oxidation.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001483
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
.... In addition to providing information on the equipment used, the article describes the properties of fuel gases (acetylene, natural gas). It also presents an overview of the effect of OFC on base metal and explains the application of OFC in cutting thin, medium, and thick sections, bars, and structural...
Abstract
Oxyfuel gas cutting (OFC) includes a group of cutting processes that use controlled chemical reactions to remove preheated metal by rapid oxidation in a stream of pure oxygen. This article provides a detailed discussion on the principles of operation and the process capabilities of OFC. In addition to providing information on the equipment used, the article describes the properties of fuel gases (acetylene, natural gas). It also presents an overview of the effect of OFC on base metal and explains the application of OFC in cutting thin, medium, and thick sections, bars, and structural and close-tolerance shapes.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003152
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... of dimensions and fine finish, vibration-free operation P10 Steel, steel castings Turning, copying, threading, and milling; high cutting speeds, small or medium chip sections P20 Steel, steel castings, malleable cast iron with long chips Turning, copying, milling, medium cutting speeds and chip...
Abstract
Cemented carbides belong to a class of hard, wear-resistant, refractory materials in which the hard carbide particles are bound together, or cemented, by a ductile metal binder. Cermet refers to a composite of a ceramic material with a metallic binder. This article discusses the manufacture, composition, classifications, and physical and mechanical properties of cemented carbides. It describes the application of hard coatings to cemented carbides by physical or chemical vapor deposition (PVD or CVD). Tungsten carbide-cobalt alloys, submicron tungsten carbide-cobalt alloys, and alloys containing tungsten carbide, titanium carbide, and cobalt are used for machining applications. The article also provides an overview of cermets used in machining applications.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002124
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
..., threading, and milling; high cutting speeds, small or medium chip sections P 20 Steel, steel castings, malleable cast iron with long chips Turning, copying, milling, medium cutting speeds and chip sections; planing with small chip sections P 30 Steel, steel castings, malleable cast iron with long...
Abstract
This article discusses the manufacturing steps and compositions of cemented carbides, as well as their microstructure, classifications, applications, and physical and mechanical properties. It provides information on new tool geometries, tailored substrates, and the application of thin and hard coatings to cemented carbides by chemical vapor deposition and physical vapor deposition. The article also discusses tool wear mechanisms and the methods available for holding the carbide tool.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001104
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... for a few representative steel-cutting grades. Fig. 7 Representative microstructures of steel-cutting grades of cemented tungsten carbide. (a) 85WC-9(Ta,Ti,Nb)C-6Co alloy, medium grain size. (b) 78WC-15(Ta,Ti,Nb)C-7Co alloy, medium grain. (c) 73WC-19(Ta,Ti,Nb)C-8Co alloy, medium grain. The gray...
Abstract
Cemented carbides belong to a class of hard, wear-resistant, refractory materials in which the hard carbide particles are bound together, or cemented, by a soft and ductile metal binder. The performance of cemented carbide as a cutting tool lies between that of tool steel and cermets. Almost 50% of the total production of cemented carbides is used for nonmetal cutting applications. Their properties also make them appropriate materials for structural components, including plungers, boring bars, powder compacting dies and punches, high-pressure dies and punches, and pulverizing hammers. This article discusses the manufacture, microstructure, composition, classifications, and physical and mechanical properties of cemented carbides, as well as their machining and nonmachining applications. It examines the relationship between the workpiece material, cutting tool and operational parameters, and provides suggestions to simplify the choice of cutting tool for a given machining application. It also examines new tool geometries, tailored substrates, and the application of thin, hard coatings to cemented carbides by chemical vapor deposition and physical vapor deposition. It discusses the tool wear mechanisms and the methods available for holding the carbide tool. The article is limited to tungsten carbide cobalt-base materials.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002179
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
.... Surface finish is smoother on turned medium-carbon than on low-carbon steel parts. Cutting forces and tool wear, however, increase as the carbon content of medium-carbon steels is increased. Cutting speeds should therefore be reduced with increasing carbon (Table 1.1 in Ref 1 ). The increased amount...
Abstract
This article describes the influence of steel chemical compositions and microstructure on machining processes. It discusses the various microstructural phases of standard carbon and alloy steels, which influence machinability. The article reviews the expected response of several traditional machining operations, such as turning, drilling, milling, shaping, thread cutting, and grinding, to the microstructure of standard steel grades. It also explains the technologies in non-traditional machining processes, such as abrasive waterjet cutting, electrical chemical grinding, and laser drilling.
Image
Published: 01 January 1989
Fig. 8 Turning experiments with an ACC system with a medium controller gain and step changes in depth of cut. The plots show the effect of changes in (a) depth of cut on (b) feed and (c) cutting force with increasing time. Source: Ref 9
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Image
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 7 Representative microstructures of steel-cutting grades of cemented tungsten carbide. (a) 85WC-9(Ta,Ti,Nb)C-6Co alloy, medium grain size. (b) 78WC-15(Ta,Ti,Nb)C-7Co alloy, medium grain. (c) 73WC-19(Ta,Ti,Nb)C-8Co alloy, medium grain. The gray, angular particles are WC, and the dark gray
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Image
Published: 01 January 1989
Fig. 7 Representative microstructures of steel-cutting grades of tungsten carbide. (a) 85WC-9(Ta,Ti,Nb)C-6Co alloy, medium grain size. (b) 78WC-15(Ta,Ti,Nb)C-7Co alloy, medium grain. (c) 73WC-19(Ta,Ti,Nb)C-8Co alloy, medium grain. The gray, angular particles are WC, and the dark gray, rounded
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003114
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
..., grindability, weldability, and hardenability, and presents a short note on machining allowances. composition limits fabrication characteristics machining allowances mechanical properties surface treatments wrought tool steels A TOOL STEEL is any steel used to make tools for cutting, forming...
Abstract
This article discusses the characteristics, composition limits, and classification of wrought tool steels, namely high-speed steels, hot-work steels, cold-work steels, shock-resisting steels, low-alloy special-purpose steels, mold steels, water-hardening steels, powder metallurgy tool steels, and precision-cast tool steels. It describes the effects of surface treatments on the basic properties of tool steels, including hardness, resistance to wear, deformation, and toughness. The article provides information on fabrication characteristics of tool steels, including machinability, grindability, weldability, and hardenability, and presents a short note on machining allowances.
Image
Published: 01 December 1998
Fig. 4 Productivity improvements made possible with coated carbides. (a) Machining of medium-carbon steel. Workpiece, 1045 steel; hardness, 180 HB; feed rate, 0.25 mm/rev; depth of cut, 2.5 mm. (b) Machining of gray cast iron. Workpiece, G4000 cast iron; hardness, 210 HB; feed rate, 0.25 mm
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005975
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
... for various types of cutting tools, namely, broaches, chasers, milling cutters, drills, taps, reamers, form tools, and hobs, and for thread rolling dies, threading dies, and bearings. annealing austenitizing carburizing cutting tools hardening heat treatment high-speed tool steel machine tools...
Abstract
This article focuses on various heat treatment practices recommended for different types of high-speed tool steels. Commonly used methods include annealing, stress relieving, preheating, austenitizing, quenching, tempering, carburizing, and nitriding. The article describes hardening for various types of cutting tools, namely, broaches, chasers, milling cutters, drills, taps, reamers, form tools, and hobs, and for thread rolling dies, threading dies, and bearings.
Book Chapter
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002153
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... Before nitriding A 150 Extremely hard A 220 Medium hard C 500 Medium soft After nitriding A 150 Medium soft B 100 Medium soft C 500 Soft Porcelain D 150 Medium hard D 150 Medium hard D 600 Medium hard Rexalloy and similar cemented and cast cutting tool materials D...
Abstract
Honing serves an important purpose of generating specified functional characteristics for surfaces besides removing stock and involves the correction of errors resulting from previous machining operations. This article discusses the process capabilities of honing in terms of bore size, bore shape, and stock removal. It illustrates the uses of air, ring, expanding, plug, and bar gages for automatic size control in power stroking of honing tools. The article provides a short description of various honing processes, such as external honing, gear tooth honing, plateau honing, flat honing, electrochemical honing, and hone forming. It also examines various process parameters in microhoning and concludes with information on the applications of microhoning.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003214
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... with conventional methods. Uniformity and quality of finish are enhanced by the increased flexibility of the slower-speed buffs. Buffing Compounds Most compounds consist of an abrasive that is immersed in a binder carrier. The abrasive serves as the principal cutting medium; the binder provides lubrication...
Abstract
Finishing refers to a wide variety of processes that generally involve material removal in one form or another to generate surfaces with specific geometries, tolerances, and functional or decorative characteristics. This article discusses four major finishing methods, namely, abrasive machining, electropolishing, mass finishing, and shot peening. In each case, it describes subtypes, process variations, and the associated equipment.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003191
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
.... aluminum alloys Brinell hardness carbide size cast iron cutting speed free-machining additives graphite hardness testing inclusion machinability microstructures steels tool life Cast Irons THE MACHINABILITY OF IRON relates specifically to its microstructure. The shape of the graphite...
Abstract
An understanding of the influence of microstructure on machinability can provide an insight into more efficient machining and the correct solution to problems. Providing numerous microstructures to depict examples, this article describes the relationship between the microstructure and machinability of cast irons, steels, and aluminum alloys. It presents data on hardness values and the effect of the matrix microstructure of cast iron on tool life. It also explains how a higher inclusion count improves the machinability of steels and why aluminum alloys can be machined at very high speeds.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005106
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... factor in the use of laser metal cutting is manufacturing methodology. Laser cutting is ideal for batch processes, just-in-time, or low to medium-volume production. Most laser-cutting work is performed on generic or multipurpose materials handling systems, as opposed to dedicated automation-controlled...
Abstract
Cutting with lasers is accomplished with carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) lasers. This article provides a description of the process variables and principles of laser cutting. It discusses the three basic types of CO 2 gas lasers, namely, slow axial flow, transverse flow, and fast axial flow and reviews the applications of Nd:YAG laser. The article describes the basic parameters in the laser-cutting process: beam quality, power, travel speed, nozzles design, and focal-point position. Several material conditions that affect the quality of the laser cut are also discussed. The article provides information on the basic laser-cutting system and its optional equipment. A general description of how well each metal group can be cut is also provided.
Image
Published: 01 December 1998
Fig. 2 Microstructure of 85WC-9(Ta,Ti,Nb)C-6Co steel-cutting grade of cemented carbide, medium grain size. The gray angular particles are WC, and the dark gray, rounded particles are solid-solution carbides. The white areas are cobalt binder. 1500×
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005174
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... are designed for either vertical or horizontal movement of the saw band, although some manufacturers offer combination vertical-horizontal band saws for light- to medium-duty cutting. The band saws available include contour band saws, cutoff band saws, tilt-frame universal band saws, and plate band saws...
Abstract
This article focuses on the mechanical and nonmechanical cutting methods used in metal fabrication industries. The most prevalent equipment used for mechanical cutting includes shears, iron workers, nibblers, and band saws. Nonmechanical methods of cutting include gas cutting, electric arc cutting, and laser cutting. The article concludes with information on the advantages of abrasive waterjet cutting, which is an alternative to laser cutting, gas cutting, and plasma cutting.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001041
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... Abstract Tool steels are any steel used to make tools for cutting, forming, or shaping manufactured parts. Most tool steels are wrought products alloyed with relatively large amounts of tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, manganese, and/or chromium. The article describes a wide variety of tool...
Abstract
Tool steels are any steel used to make tools for cutting, forming, or shaping manufactured parts. Most tool steels are wrought products alloyed with relatively large amounts of tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, manganese, and/or chromium. The article describes a wide variety of tool steels, including high-speed steels, hot and cold-work steels, shock-resisting steels, and special-purpose steels. Hot-work steels are designed to withstand excessive amounts of heat, pressure, and abrasion, suiting them for punching, shearing, and high-temperature forming applications. Cold-work tool steels have exceptional dimensional stability and wear resistance, but lack the alloy content necessary to resist softening at temperatures above 205 to 260 deg C. The article examines standard designations for all tool steel types and provides corresponding composition and property ranges. It also discusses surface treatments, fabrication issues, and in-service measures of performance.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002145
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... for broaching or shear cutting. Therefore, bobbing is used in low-quantity production or even for a few pieces. On the other hand, hobbing is a fast and accurate method (compared to milling, for example) and is therefore suitable for medium and high production quantities. Hobbing is a generating process...
Abstract
This article discusses the different classes of gears, namely, spur, helical, herringbone, crossed-axes helical, worm, internal, rack, bevel, or face-type. It describes the methods used to cut the teeth of gears other than bevel gears: milling, broaching, shear cutting, hobbing, shaping, and rack cutting. The article also reviews the methods that are used to cut the teeth of bevel gears, such as face mill cutting, face hob cutting, formate cutting, helix form cutting, the Cyclex method, and template machining. The machining methods best suited to specific conditions are discussed. The article presents the factors influencing the choice of cutting speed and cutting fluids. It outlines two basic methods for the grinding of gear teeth: form grinding and generation grinding. The article concludes with information on the gear inspection techniques used to determine whether the resulting product meets design specifications and requirements.
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