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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003737
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... constituents of cast and wrought heat-resistant alloys. It describes the identification of ferrite by magnetic etching. The transmission electron microscopy examination of the fine strengthening phases in wrought alloys and bulk extraction in heat-resistant alloys are included. The article also reviews...
Image
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 5 Example of correlation between nital etch (top row) and magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) signal amplitude (bottom row) on three gear teeth. Measurements were performed on each tooth with MBN before verifying destructively with nital etch. Courtesy of American Stress Technologies, Inc. More
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006476
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... would include more conditions in order to correct for any nonlinearity in the correlation. Examples are presented in Fig. 5 . Fig. 5 Example of correlation between nital etch (top row) and magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) signal amplitude (bottom row) on three gear teeth. Measurements were...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003788
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... of the underlying grains. Grain-oriented silicon-iron electrical steels exhibit a parallel line pattern in which the lines are parallel to the direction of magnetization. Two reagents have been used for silicon-iron alloys. Klemm's reagent (etchant 31, Table 1 ) is made fresh before etching for 2 h...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003771
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... mL distilled water 50 mL HCl 32% 10 g copper (II) sulfate (Marble's etch) Seconds to minutes Immersion or swabbing Add few drops of sulfuric acid to increase activity. m12 Magnetic alloys Co-Fe alloys 100 mL distilled water 100 mL HCl 32% 200 mL methanol 99.8% 5 mL HNO 3 65% 7 g FeCl 3 2 g...
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003247
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract This article describes the metallographic technique for nonferrous metals and special-purpose alloys. These include aluminum alloys, copper and copper alloys, lead and lead alloys, magnesium alloys, nickel and nickel alloys, magnetic alloys, tin and tin alloys, titanium and titanium...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003749
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Abstract Metallographic contrasting methods include various electrochemical, optical, and physical etching techniques, which in turn are enhanced by the formation of a thin transparent film on the specimen surface. This article primarily discusses etching in conjunction with light microscopy...
Book Chapter

By Gary Runyon, Binky Sargent
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006056
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... The microstructure of cemented carbides and cermets is highly important to ensure a good quality product. Structures are examined on polished surfaces and after etching. Cemented carbides are etched with Murakami's reagent (10 g K 3 Fe(CN) 6 , 10 g KOH or NaOH, 100 ml H 2 O or 15 g K 3 Fe(CN) 6 , 2 g NaOH, and 100...
Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 7 Austenitic Fe-50.5Ni soft magnetic alloy, showing the effects of different etchants. (a) Etched using a flat etchant, glyceregia (etchant 9, Table 1 ). (b) Etched using a grain contrast etchant, Marble's reagent (etchant 13, Table 1 ). Both Original magnification 100× More
Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 17 AISI M2 roughing tool that cracked just after heat treatment. (a) Cracks accentuated with magnetic particles. (b) Microstructural examination revealed a badly overaustenitized condition with a heavy grain-boundary carbide film, coarse plate martensite, and unstable retained austenite More
Image
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 17 AISI M2 roughing tool that cracked just after heat treatment. (a) Cracks accentuated with magnetic particles. (b) Microstructural examination revealed a badly overaustenitized condition with a heavy grain-boundary carbide film, coarse plate martensite, and unstable retained austenite More
Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 18 AISI O6 graphitic tool steel punch machined from centerless-ground bar stock that cracked after limited service. (a) Cracks (arrows) accentuated with magnetic particles. (b) Microstructural examination revealed an overaustenitized structure consisting of appreciable retained austenite More
Image
Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 2 Micrographs of WC-10 wt% Co samples showing (a) free carbon (graphite) in a rosette pattern, often referred to as C-porosity, in an as-polished condition, and (b) presence of η phase in an exceptionally carbon-deficient sample (magnetic saturation, MS, = 65%). Sample lightly etched More
Image
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 18 AISI O6 graphitic tool steel punch machined from centerless-ground bar stock that cracked after limited service. (a) Cracks (arrows) accentuated with magnetic particles. (b) Microstructural examination revealed an overaustenitized structure consisting of appreciable retained austenite More
Image
Published: 01 June 2024
Fig. 5 AISI 06 graphitic tool steel punch machined from centerless-ground bar stock that cracked after limited service. (a) Direction of cracking, as indicated by the arrows, was accentuated with magnetic particles. (b) Microstructural examination revealed an overaustenitized structure More
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Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 93 Example of quench cracks on the head of AISI 1040 steel bolts. Cracks were caused by incomplete development of the case. (a) Bolt heads at 0.72×; cracks accentuated using magnetic particles. (b) Quench crack near a corner. Etched with 2% nital. 54×. (c) Opened quench crack with arrows More
Book Chapter

By George F. Vander Voort
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001814
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... was negligible compared to what should have been present. Etched with 3% nital. 700× Figure 17(a) shows an AISI M2 roughing tool that cracked during hardening (the cracks were accentuated with magnetic particles). Microstructural examination revealed an overaustenitized condition with a heavy grain...
Book Chapter

By George F. Vander Voort
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006818
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... M2 roughing tool that cracked just after heat treatment. (a) Cracks accentuated with magnetic particles. (b) Microstructural examination revealed a badly overaustenitized condition with a heavy grain-boundary carbide film, coarse plate martensite, and unstable retained austenite. Etched with 3% nital...
Book Chapter

By H.E. Exner, S. Weinbruch
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003755
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Abstract This article outlines the beam/sample interactions and the basic instrumental design of a scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which include the electron gun, probeforming column (consisting of magnetic electron lenses, apertures, and scanning coils), electron detectors, and vacuum...
Book Chapter

By V.K. Jain
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003598
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... mm (10 mils) when a freshly dressed wheel is used. Optimal feed rate depends on current density, wheel speed, and wheel parameters. Typical parameters are feed-rate 1.9 mm/min, MRR = 1600 mm 3 /min, current, I = 1000 A and current density, J = 1.2 A/mm 2 . Magnetism The effect of magnetic...