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George F. Vander Voort, Gabriel M. Lucas, Elena P. Manilova
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James Thomas
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Matthew A. Willard, George F. Vander Voort
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D. Klarstrom, P. Crook, J. Wu
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George F. Vander Voort
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Book Chapter
Metallography and Microstructures of Heat-Resistant Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003737
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... constituents of cast and wrought heat-resistant alloys. It describes the identification of ferrite by magnetic etching. The transmission electron microscopy examination of the fine strengthening phases in wrought alloys and bulk extraction in heat-resistant alloys are included. The article also reviews...
Abstract
This article discusses the specimen preparation of three types of cast and wrought heat-resistant alloys: iron-base, nickel-base, and cobalt-base. Specimen preparation involves sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching. The article illustrates the microstructural constituents of cast and wrought heat-resistant alloys. It describes the identification of ferrite by magnetic etching. The transmission electron microscopy examination of the fine strengthening phases in wrought alloys and bulk extraction in heat-resistant alloys are included. The article also reviews the gamma prime phase, gamma double prime phase, eta phase, laves phase, sigma phase, mu phase, and chi phase in wrought heat-resistant alloys.
Image
Example of correlation between nital etch (top row) and magnetic Barkhausen...
Available to Purchase
in Magnetic Barkhausen Noise for Nondestructive Inspection of Gears
> Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 5 Example of correlation between nital etch (top row) and magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) signal amplitude (bottom row) on three gear teeth. Measurements were performed on each tooth with MBN before verifying destructively with nital etch. Courtesy of American Stress Technologies, Inc.
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Book Chapter
Magnetic Barkhausen Noise for Nondestructive Inspection of Gears
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006476
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... would include more conditions in order to correct for any nonlinearity in the correlation. Examples are presented in Fig. 5 . Fig. 5 Example of correlation between nital etch (top row) and magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) signal amplitude (bottom row) on three gear teeth. Measurements were...
Abstract
Gears are a common part type for applications of the magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) techniques for nondestructive inspection. This article discusses the typical applications for MBN techniques, namely, detection of grinding retemper burn, evaluation of residual stresses, and detection of heat treatment defects, including the evaluation of case depth.
Book Chapter
Microstructure and Domain Imaging of Magnetic Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003788
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... of the underlying grains. Grain-oriented silicon-iron electrical steels exhibit a parallel line pattern in which the lines are parallel to the direction of magnetization. Two reagents have been used for silicon-iron alloys. Klemm's reagent (etchant 31, Table 1 ) is made fresh before etching for 2 h...
Abstract
Microstructural analysis of specialized types of magnetic materials is centered on the examination of optical, electron, and scanning probe metallographic techniques unique to magnetic materials. This article provides a comprehensive overview of magnetic materials, their characteristics and sample preparation procedures. It reviews the methods pertaining to the microstructural examination of bulk magnetic materials, including microscopy techniques specified to magnetic materials characterization, with specific examples. The techniques used in the study of magnetic domain structures (microstructure) include the magneto-optical Kerr method, the Faraday method, the Bitter technique, scanning electron microscopy (magnetic contrast Types I and II), scanning electron microscopy with polarization analysis, Lorentz transmission electron microscopy, and magnetic force microscopy. The article also illustrates the microstructure of different types of soft magnetic material and permanent magnets.
Book Chapter
Metallography and Microstructures of Cobalt and Cobalt Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003771
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... mL distilled water 50 mL HCl 32% 10 g copper (II) sulfate (Marble's etch) Seconds to minutes Immersion or swabbing Add few drops of sulfuric acid to increase activity. m12 Magnetic alloys Co-Fe alloys 100 mL distilled water 100 mL HCl 32% 200 mL methanol 99.8% 5 mL HNO 3 65% 7 g FeCl 3 2 g...
Abstract
This article describes the metallurgy and microstructure of high-performance cobalt-base alloys. It discusses metallographic preparation procedures, including sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, etching, staining, and heat tinting. It examines the microstructure of cobalt alloys in cast, wrought, and powder metal forms, including magnetic alloys as well as several cobalt-base superalloys.
Book Chapter
Metallographic Technique for Nonferrous Metals and Special-Purpose Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003247
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract This article describes the metallographic technique for nonferrous metals and special-purpose alloys. These include aluminum alloys, copper and copper alloys, lead and lead alloys, magnesium alloys, nickel and nickel alloys, magnetic alloys, tin and tin alloys, titanium and titanium...
Abstract
This article describes the metallographic technique for nonferrous metals and special-purpose alloys. These include aluminum alloys, copper and copper alloys, lead and lead alloys, magnesium alloys, nickel and nickel alloys, magnetic alloys, tin and tin alloys, titanium and titanium alloys, refractory metals and alloys, zinc and zinc alloys, and wrought heat-resisting alloys. The preparation of specimens for metallographic technique includes operations such as sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching of nonferrous metals and alloys. The article contains tables that list the etchants for macroscopic examination and microscopic examination of nonferrous metals and special-purpose alloys.
Book Chapter
Contrast Enhancement and Etching
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003749
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Abstract Metallographic contrasting methods include various electrochemical, optical, and physical etching techniques, which in turn are enhanced by the formation of a thin transparent film on the specimen surface. This article primarily discusses etching in conjunction with light microscopy...
Abstract
Metallographic contrasting methods include various electrochemical, optical, and physical etching techniques, which in turn are enhanced by the formation of a thin transparent film on the specimen surface. This article primarily discusses etching in conjunction with light microscopy and describes several methods for film formation, namely, heat tinting, color etching, anodizing, potentiostatic etching, vapor deposition, and film deposition by sputtering. It provides information on the general procedures and precautions for etchants and reagents used in metallographic microetching, macroetching, electropolishing, chemical polishing, and other similar operations.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006056
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... The microstructure of cemented carbides and cermets is highly important to ensure a good quality product. Structures are examined on polished surfaces and after etching. Cemented carbides are etched with Murakami's reagent (10 g K 3 Fe(CN) 6 , 10 g KOH or NaOH, 100 ml H 2 O or 15 g K 3 Fe(CN) 6 , 2 g NaOH, and 100...
Abstract
Quality control of cemented carbides includes the evaluation of physical and chemical properties of constituent raw material powders, powder blends/formulations, green compacts, and fully dense finished product. This article provides a summary of the underlying principles and size ranges for the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard methods of particle sizing and distribution. It presents the methods used to analyze the chemical composition of cemented carbide materials in a tabular form. The article also presents information on microstructural evaluation and physical and mechanical property evaluation of cemented carbides.
Image
Austenitic Fe-50.5Ni soft magnetic alloy, showing the effects of different ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2004
Fig. 7 Austenitic Fe-50.5Ni soft magnetic alloy, showing the effects of different etchants. (a) Etched using a flat etchant, glyceregia (etchant 9, Table 1 ). (b) Etched using a grain contrast etchant, Marble's reagent (etchant 13, Table 1 ). Both Original magnification 100×
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Image
AISI M2 roughing tool that cracked just after heat treatment. (a) Cracks ac...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 17 AISI M2 roughing tool that cracked just after heat treatment. (a) Cracks accentuated with magnetic particles. (b) Microstructural examination revealed a badly overaustenitized condition with a heavy grain-boundary carbide film, coarse plate martensite, and unstable retained austenite
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Image
AISI M2 roughing tool that cracked just after heat treatment. (a) Cracks ac...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 August 2021
Fig. 17 AISI M2 roughing tool that cracked just after heat treatment. (a) Cracks accentuated with magnetic particles. (b) Microstructural examination revealed a badly overaustenitized condition with a heavy grain-boundary carbide film, coarse plate martensite, and unstable retained austenite
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Image
AISI O6 graphitic tool steel punch machined from centerless-ground bar stoc...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 18 AISI O6 graphitic tool steel punch machined from centerless-ground bar stock that cracked after limited service. (a) Cracks (arrows) accentuated with magnetic particles. (b) Microstructural examination revealed an overaustenitized structure consisting of appreciable retained austenite
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Image
Micrographs of WC-10 wt% Co samples showing (a) free carbon (graphite) in a...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 September 2015
Fig. 2 Micrographs of WC-10 wt% Co samples showing (a) free carbon (graphite) in a rosette pattern, often referred to as C-porosity, in an as-polished condition, and (b) presence of η phase in an exceptionally carbon-deficient sample (magnetic saturation, MS, = 65%). Sample lightly etched
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Image
AISI O6 graphitic tool steel punch machined from centerless-ground bar stoc...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 August 2021
Fig. 18 AISI O6 graphitic tool steel punch machined from centerless-ground bar stock that cracked after limited service. (a) Cracks (arrows) accentuated with magnetic particles. (b) Microstructural examination revealed an overaustenitized structure consisting of appreciable retained austenite
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Image
AISI 06 graphitic tool steel punch machined from centerless-ground bar stoc...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2024
Fig. 5 AISI 06 graphitic tool steel punch machined from centerless-ground bar stock that cracked after limited service. (a) Direction of cracking, as indicated by the arrows, was accentuated with magnetic particles. (b) Microstructural examination revealed an overaustenitized structure
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Image
Example of quench cracks on the head of AISI 1040 steel bolts. Cracks were ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1987
Fig. 93 Example of quench cracks on the head of AISI 1040 steel bolts. Cracks were caused by incomplete development of the case. (a) Bolt heads at 0.72×; cracks accentuated using magnetic particles. (b) Quench crack near a corner. Etched with 2% nital. 54×. (c) Opened quench crack with arrows
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Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001814
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... was negligible compared to what should have been present. Etched with 3% nital. 700× Figure 17(a) shows an AISI M2 roughing tool that cracked during hardening (the cracks were accentuated with magnetic particles). Microstructural examination revealed an overaustenitized condition with a heavy grain...
Abstract
This article describes the characteristics of tools and dies and the causes of their failures. It discusses the failure mechanisms in tool and die materials that are important to nearly all manufacturing processes, but is primarily devoted to failures of tool steels used in cold-working and hot-working applications. It reviews problems introduced during mechanical design, materials selection, machining, heat treating, finish grinding, and tool and die operation. The brittle fracture of rehardened high-speed steels is also considered. Finally, failures due to seams or laps, unconsolidated interiors, and carbide segregation and poor carbide morphology are reviewed with illustrations.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006818
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... M2 roughing tool that cracked just after heat treatment. (a) Cracks accentuated with magnetic particles. (b) Microstructural examination revealed a badly overaustenitized condition with a heavy grain-boundary carbide film, coarse plate martensite, and unstable retained austenite. Etched with 3% nital...
Abstract
This article discusses failure mechanisms in tool and die materials that are very important to nearly all manufacturing processes. It is primarily devoted to failures of tool steels used in cold working and hot working applications. The processes involved in the analysis of tool and die failures are also covered. In addition, the article focuses on a number of factors that are responsible for tool and die failures, including mechanical design, grade selection, steel quality, machining processes, heat treatment operation, and tool and die setup.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003755
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Abstract This article outlines the beam/sample interactions and the basic instrumental design of a scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which include the electron gun, probeforming column (consisting of magnetic electron lenses, apertures, and scanning coils), electron detectors, and vacuum...
Abstract
This article outlines the beam/sample interactions and the basic instrumental design of a scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which include the electron gun, probeforming column (consisting of magnetic electron lenses, apertures, and scanning coils), electron detectors, and vacuum system. It discusses the contrasts mechanisms used for imaging and analyzing materials in the SEM. These include the topographic contrast, compositional contrast, and electron channeling pattern and orientation contrast. Special instrumentation and accessory equipment used at elevated pressures and during the X-ray microanalysis are reviewed. The article also provides information on the sample preparation procedure and the materials applications of the SEM.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003598
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... mm (10 mils) when a freshly dressed wheel is used. Optimal feed rate depends on current density, wheel speed, and wheel parameters. Typical parameters are feed-rate 1.9 mm/min, MRR = 1600 mm 3 /min, current, I = 1000 A and current density, J = 1.2 A/mm 2 . Magnetism The effect of magnetic...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on a working principle, the operations, characteristics, capabilities, and applications of electrochemical grinding (ECG). The basic elements of the ECG machine tool are also presented.
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