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Robert Goldstein
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Eugene J. Rymaszewski
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Kalathur S. Narasimhan
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001093
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
..., ferrites, and stainless steels. The article also addresses corrosion resistance and provides insights on the selection of alloys for power generation applications, including motors, generators, and transformers. A short note on the design and fabrication of magnetic cores is also included. alloy...
Abstract
Magnetically soft materials are characterized by their low coercivity, an essential requirement for irons and steels selected for any application involving electromagnetic induction cycling. This article provides information on ferromagnetic material properties and how they are affected by impurities, alloying additions, heat treatment, residual stress, and grain size. It also describes classification and testing methods for magnetically soft materials such as high-purity iron, low-carbon steels, silicon steels, iron-aluminum alloys, nickel-iron alloys, iron-cobalt alloys, ferrites, and stainless steels. The article also addresses corrosion resistance and provides insights on the selection of alloys for power generation applications, including motors, generators, and transformers. A short note on the design and fabrication of magnetic cores is also included.
Image
Effect of grain size on magnetic properties of pure iron and silicon iron. ...
Available to Purchase
in Magnetically Soft Materials
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 5 Effect of grain size on magnetic properties of pure iron and silicon iron. (a) Relationship between grain size and hysteresis loss for high-purity iron at B = 1 T (10 kG). (b) Variation of core loss with grain size for samples of 3.15 Si-Fe having similar cube-on-edge textures
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Image
Various parts that use metallic glasses. Most prominently featured are two ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1990
Fig. 18 Various parts that use metallic glasses. Most prominently featured are two spools of as-cast amorphous alloy for high-frequency and antitheft applications. Also shown (right side) are four wound magnetic cores made from amorphous alloy ribbon. Several high-frequency epoxy-encapsulated
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Image
Push-pull inverters. (a) Constant-voltage inverter. (b) Constant-current in...
Available to Purchase
in Power Supplies for Induction Heat Treating, Brazing, and Soldering
> Induction Heating and Heat Treatment
Published: 09 June 2014
Fig. 12 Push-pull inverters. (a) Constant-voltage inverter. (b) Constant-current inverter. L CT is required to balance the voltages or currents delivered to both switches and must have a high coupling coefficient as suggested by the magnetic core. L, inductor; CT, center tapped
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005843
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... circuit. The turns are wound, most often, on a magnetic core that may be composed of magnetic laminations or ferrite. On radio frequency oscillators the frequency is sufficiently high to permit the elimination of the magnetic core. These transformers are called air-core transformers. Alternating...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on transformers and reactors for induction heating. It presents information on the initial considerations in the selection process and the demands of power supply and load circuits. The article describes the types of transformers and reactors used in induction heating and maintenance operations. It also provides a discussion on load matching covering the following topics: initial considerations in the load-matching process, understanding the load circuit and the power supply circuit, selecting the desired operating point, adjusting the value of components, and testing the setup.
Image
Published: 31 October 2011
Book Chapter
Magnetically Soft Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003153
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... to eliminate the wide variety in nomenclature formerly used. When originally adopted, the AISI designation number approximated ten times the maximum core loss in watts per pound, exhibited by 29 gage samples when tested at a flux density of 1.5 T (15 kG) and a magnetic circuit frequency of 60 Hz. More...
Abstract
This article discusses the ferromagnetic properties of soft magnetic materials, explaining the effects of impurities, alloying elements, heat treatment, grain size, and grain orientation on soft magnetic materials. It describes the types of soft magnetic materials, which include high-purity iron, low-carbon irons, silicon (electrical) steels, nickel-iron alloys, iron-cobalt alloys, ferritic stainless steels, amorphous metals, and ferrites (ceramics). Finally, the article provides a short note on alloys for magnetic temperature compensation.
Book Chapter
Power Sources for Welding
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001337
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... through zero, which is important to cyclic reignition of the arc. Thyristors are employed in concert with magnetic cores to generate the square current waveform. Adjustable imbalance permits the operator to control the ratio of electrode positive (EP) to electrode negative (EN) current by dwell extension...
Abstract
Power sources are apparatuses that are used to supply current and voltages that are suitable for particular welding processes. This article describes power sources for arc welding, resistance welding, and electron-beam welding. The more-common welding processes that use constant-current and constant-voltage power sources are listed in a table. The article describes the open-circuit voltage characteristics and power source control methods. The control methods employ either pulse width modulation (PWM) or frequency modulation (FM).
Book Chapter
Magnetic Flux Controllers in Induction Heating and Melting
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005846
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... cores gained widespread use in the transformer industry because they increased the amount of magnetic flux produced with the same alternating current. The higher the magnetic flux, the higher the emf, which results in an increase in energy transfer efficiency from the primary winding to the secondary...
Abstract
Magnetic flux controllers are materials other than the copper coil that are used in induction systems to alter the flow of the magnetic field. This article describes the effects of magnetic flux controllers on common coil styles, namely, outer diameter coils, inner diameter coils, and linear coils. It provides information on the role of magnetic flux controllers for whole-body and local area mass-heating applications, continuous induction tube welding, seam-annealing inductors, and various induction melting systems, namely, channel-type, crucible-type, and cold crucible systems. The article also describes the benefits of the flux controllers for induction heat treating processes such as single-shot and scanning.
Book Chapter
Properties Needed for Electronic and Magnetic Applications
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002475
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... unit volume. Figure 4 shows dramatic reductions in the volume required for 1 MB (megabyte) of electronic memory storage from 1950 to 2010, a sixty-year interval during which the technology changed from small magnetic (ferrite) cores to IC chips ( Ref 13 ). Packaging had evolved as well...
Abstract
This article presents an overview of the electric and magnetic parameters and discusses the significance of these parameters for electronic applications. It describes the components of analog and digital electronic circuits. The article reviews the augmenting technologies: magnetic and special technologies such as electrooptical.
Book Chapter
Magnetic Materials and Properties for Powder Metallurgy Part Applications
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006057
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... possible in metal injection molding parts. The article also discusses ferromagnetic cores used in alternating current applications and some permanent magnets, such as rare earth-cobalt magnets and neodymium-iron-boron (neo) magnets. ferritic stainless steel ferromagnetic cores hysteresis loss...
Abstract
Powder metallurgy (PM) techniques are effective in making magnetically soft components for use in magnetic part applications. This article provides an account of the factors affecting magnetism, permeability, and hysteresis losses. It includes information on the magnetic properties of PM materials that are used in the magnetic part applications, namely, pure iron, phosphorus irons, ferritic stainless steels, 50 nickel-50 iron, and silicon irons. The article describes the factors that affect and optimize magnetic properties. It contains a table that lists the magnetic properties possible in metal injection molding parts. The article also discusses ferromagnetic cores used in alternating current applications and some permanent magnets, such as rare earth-cobalt magnets and neodymium-iron-boron (neo) magnets.
Image
Model of a single flux line considered as a single unit of magnetic flux, Φ...
Available to Purchase
in Principles of Superconductivity
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 11 Model of a single flux line considered as a single unit of magnetic flux, Φ 0 = 2 × 10 −15 Wb, filling a cylindrical volume of radius ξ, the coherence length. (a) The superelectron density rises to its maximum value within about ξ of the core of the flux line. (b) The magnetic field
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Book Chapter
Processing and Finishing of Castings
Available to PurchaseBook: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005355
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... core knockout machine and the A-frame core knockout machine and lists the advantages and disadvantages of these machines. The article describes the general factors in automated or manual gate removal process. It concludes with discussion on the various types of inspection, such as the liquid penetrant...
Abstract
After solidification and cooling, further processing and finishing of the castings are required. This article describes the general operations of shakeout, grinding, cleaning, and inspection of castings, with particular emphasis on automation technology. It illustrates the vertical core knockout machine and the A-frame core knockout machine and lists the advantages and disadvantages of these machines. The article describes the general factors in automated or manual gate removal process. It concludes with discussion on the various types of inspection, such as the liquid penetrant inspection, pressure testing, radiographic inspection, magnetic particle inspection, and ultrasonic inspection.
Book Chapter
Principles of Induction Hardening and Inspection
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005863
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... of thickness δ. Fig. 3 A classical definition of the skin effect appearance showing distribution of current density from the surface of the cylinder workpiece toward the core. Source: Ref 1 Because electrical resistivity (ρ) is a function of temperature and relative magnetic permeability (μ r...
Abstract
Induction hardening of steel components is the most common application of induction heat treatment of steel. This article provides a detailed account of electromagnetic and thermal aspects of metallurgy of induction hardening of steels. It describes induction hardening techniques, namely, scan hardening, progressive hardening, single-shot hardening, and static hardening. The article discusses the techniques used to control the heat pattern, and provides a brief review of quenching techniques used in the induction hardening. It provides guidelines for selecting the frequency and power for induction hardening, and describes common methods for measuring case depth, such as optical and microhardness, and surface hardness. It provides information on some complications and ambiguities associated with these measurements. The article also discusses the commonly used non-destructive testing methods, namely, magnetic particle testing, ultrasonic testing, and eddy current testing to evaluate induction-hardened components.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005857
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... that magnetic properties of the case changed greatly after induction heat treatment. For example, the coercive force of the case is 2 to 4 times greater than the coercive force of the core. This is because the core has a structure of pearlite plus ferrite that is magnetically soft (small coercivity, retentivity...
Abstract
Inspection involves two types of testing, namely, destructive and non-destructive. This article provides an overview of the various inspection plans, such as first-article inspection and periodic tests done by destructive metallurgical testing and the final inspection done by the application of non-destructive technology. It describes the processes involved in destructive methods, such as surface hardness measurement, induction hardening pattern and heat-affected zone inspection, and the examination of microstructure before and after induction hardening. It also discusses non-destructive evaluation techniques for defect detection and microstructure characterization as well as non-destructive evaluation for real-time monitoring of induction process.
Image
Hysteresis loops and differential magnetic permeabilities as a function of ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 09 June 2014
Fig. 2 Hysteresis loops and differential magnetic permeabilities as a function of magnetic field for (1) the core (non-heat-treated steels with 0.4% C material), (2) the case (same steel after induction heat treatment), and (3) a double-layer specimen consisting of both materials
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Book Chapter
Simulation of Induction Heating Prior to Hot Working and Coating
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005516
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
..., and frequency selection. It discusses three modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation, in induction heating. The article describes the factors affected by a distortion of the magnetic field at the coil end through a schematic illustration of distribution of three magnetic force components...
Abstract
The most popular metal hot working processes for which induction heating is applied are forging, forming, extrusion, and rolling. This article focuses on estimation techniques to determine basic induction heating process parameters, including coil power, length of heating line, and frequency selection. It discusses three modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation, in induction heating. The article describes the factors affected by a distortion of the magnetic field at the coil end through a schematic illustration of distribution of three magnetic force components experienced by the turns of the coil. It concludes with information on some case studies of numerical simulation.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005835
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
.... The article also discusses the basic concepts of direct current and alternating current circuits, and reviews the theory of electromagnetic fields. alternating current circuits dc circuits electric field intensity emissivity heat transfer coefficient induction heating magnetic field physical...
Abstract
Induction heating is a combination of several interrelated physical phenomena, including heat transfer, electromagnetics, and metallurgy. This article presents a brief review of different heat transfer modes, namely, heat conduction, thermal radiation, and convection. It focuses on the specifics of induction heating and heat treating applications. The article discusses the nonlinear and interrelated nature of a particular heat transfer phenomenon, physical property, and skin effect. It also presents simple case studies and general physical laws governing different heat transfer modes. The article also discusses the basic concepts of direct current and alternating current circuits, and reviews the theory of electromagnetic fields.
Book Chapter
Blanking and Piercing of Electrical Steel Sheet
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005119
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... 3.15 7.65 Highly directional magnetic properties with lowest core loss and highest permeability when flux path is parallel to rolling direction; heavier thicknesses used in power transformers, thinner thicknesses generally used in distribution transformers. Energy savings improve with lower core loss...
Abstract
This article discusses the presses, auxiliary equipment, and dies used in the blanking and piercing of commonly used magnetically soft materials, namely, low-carbon electrical steels and oriented and nonoriented silicon electrical steels. It describes the effect of stock thickness and work metal composition and condition on blanking and piercing. The article provides an overview of the influence of burr height on stacking factors and presents a discussion on the lubrication and core plating of electrical steels that ease the process.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001306
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... Abstract Specialty steels encompass a broad range of ferrous alloys noted for their special processing characteristics (powder metallurgy alloys), corrosion resistance (stainless steels), wear resistance and toughness (tool steels), high strength (maraging steels), or magnetic properties...
Abstract
Specialty steels encompass a broad range of ferrous alloys noted for their special processing characteristics (powder metallurgy alloys), corrosion resistance (stainless steels), wear resistance and toughness (tool steels), high strength (maraging steels), or magnetic properties (electrical steels). This article provides a detailed discussion on the various surface treatments, including cleaning, nitriding, carburizing, coating, and plating, performed on specialty steels.
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