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magnesium salt
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Effect of sea salt (SS) and sodium sulfate mixture on calcium-magnesium-alu...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 January 2021
Fig. 32 Effect of sea salt (SS) and sodium sulfate mixture on calcium-magnesium-alumino-silicate (CMAS) melting temperature in tests conducted in ambient air. Courtesy of U.S. Navy
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Image
Corrosion rates of die-cast magnesium in 5% NaCl salt spray and continuous-...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2005
Fig. 8 Corrosion rates of die-cast magnesium in 5% NaCl salt spray and continuous-immersion exposures. Source: Ref 18 Analysis of die-cast plates, % AM60A (○) AZ91D (●) Aluminum 6.2 9.7 Zinc 0.09 0.74 Manganese 0.22 0.19 Nickel 0.003 0.0018 Iron 0.005
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Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003819
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... Abstract The rate and form of corrosion that occur in a particular situation depend on many complex variables. This article discusses the rate of corrosion of lead in natural and domestic water depending on the degree of water hardness caused by calcium and magnesium salts. Lead exhibits...
Abstract
The rate and form of corrosion that occur in a particular situation depend on many complex variables. This article discusses the rate of corrosion of lead in natural and domestic water depending on the degree of water hardness caused by calcium and magnesium salts. Lead exhibits consistent durability in all types of atmospheric exposure, including industrial, rural, and marine. The article tabulates the corrosion of lead in various natural outdoor atmospheres and the corrosion of lead alloys in various soils. It explains the factors that influence in initiating or accelerating corrosion: galvanic coupling, differential aeration, alkalinity, and stray currents. The resistance of lead and lead alloys to corrosion by a wide variety of chemicals is attributed to the polarization of local anodes caused by the formation of a relatively insoluble surface film of lead corrosion products. The article also provides information on the corrosion rate of lead in chemical environments.
Book Chapter
Corrosion of Magnesium and Magnesium-Base Alloys
Available to PurchaseBook: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003820
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... composition also affects corrosion behavior. Atmospheres A clean, unprotected magnesium alloy surface exposed to indoor or outdoor atmospheres free from salt spray will develop a gray film that partly protects the metal from corrosion while causing only negligible losses in mechanical properties...
Abstract
This article begins with a discussion on the environmental factors that induce corrosion in magnesium alloys. It reviews the factors that determine the severity of different forms of localized corrosion, namely, galvanic corrosion, corrosion fatigue, and stress-corrosion. The article discusses corrosion protection in magnesium assemblies and the protective coating systems used in corrosion protection practices. Protection schemes for specific applications and the production of novel magnesium alloys with improved corrosion resistance are also reviewed. The article concludes with a discussion on the corrosion of bulk vapor-deposited alloys and magnesium-matrix composites.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003581
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... content of the magnesium chloride melt, magnesium or sodium content, and oxygen content of the product. It concludes with a discussion on the oxygen activity in the titanium metal product. chloride corrosion indicator electrode magnesium magnesium chloride molecular solvent molten salt molten...
Abstract
Molten salts, in contrast to aqueous solutions in which an electrolyte (acid, base, salt) is dissolved in a molecular solvent, are essentially completely ionic. This article begins with an overview of the thermodynamics of cells and classification of electrodes for molten salts: reference electrodes and indicator electrodes. It explains that corrosion in molten salts can be caused by the solubility of the metal in the salt, particularly if the metal dissolves in its own chloride. The article describes the factors that affect the corrosion of titanium, namely, the titanium chloride content of the magnesium chloride melt, magnesium or sodium content, and oxygen content of the product. It concludes with a discussion on the oxygen activity in the titanium metal product.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003675
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
..., the normal saltwater corrosion resistance is only moderately reduced when compared to high-purity magnesium and magnesium-aluminum alloys—0.5 to 0.76 mm/yr (20 to 30 mils/yr) as opposed to less than 0.25 mm/yr (10 mils/yr) in 5% salt spray—but contaminants again must be controlled. The zirconium alloying...
Abstract
This article begins with a discussion on the corrosion characteristics of unalloyed magnesium and two major magnesium alloy systems. It shows the effects of iron and 13 other elements on the saltwater corrosion performance of magnesium in binary alloys with increasing levels of the individual elements. The article illustrates the effect of increasing iron, nickel, and copper contamination on the standard ASTM B 117 salt-spray performance of the die-cast AZ91 test specimens as compared to the range of performance observed for cold-rolled steel and die-cast aluminum alloy 380 samples. It discusses the effect of heat treating and cold working on the corrosion rates of the die-cast AZ91 alloy. The article concludes with a description on the causes of corrosion failures in magnesium alloys.
Book Chapter
Corrosion Resistance of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003139
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... good corrosion resistance. Fig. 1 Effect of alloying and contaminant metals on the corrosion rate of magnesium as determined by alternate immersion in 3% NaCl solution Figure 2 illustrates the effect of increasing iron, nickel, and copper contamination on the standard ASTM salt spray...
Abstract
This article discusses the effects of heavy metal impurities, environmental factors, the surface condition (such as as-cast, treated, and painted), and the assembly practice on the corrosion resistance of a magnesium or a magnesium alloy part. It provides information on stress-corrosion cracking and galvanic corrosion of magnesium alloys, as well as the surface protection of magnesium assemblies achieved by inorganic surface treatments.
Image
Effects of aluminum-alloy washer size on the galvanic corrosion of AZ91 mag...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2005
Fig. 34 Effects of aluminum-alloy washer size on the galvanic corrosion of AZ91 magnesium fastened with cadmium-plated bolts. α is a linear distance measured from the cadmium-plated bolt head to the magnesium surface via washer surface. 10 days salt spray exposure. ASTM B 117. Source: Ref 34
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001455
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... used as base metals are listed in Table 1 . Those that are most successfully brazed are the l xxx and 3 xxx series and the low-magnesium members of the 5 xxx series. Melting ranges and brazeability of some common aluminum alloys Table 1 Melting ranges and brazeability of some common aluminum...
Abstract
Aluminum, a commonly used base material for brazing, can be easily fabricated by most manufacturing methods, such as machining, forming, and stamping. This article outlines non-heat-treatable wrought alloys typically used as base metals for the brazing process. It highlights chloride-active and fluoride-active types of fluxes that are used for torch, furnace, or dip brazing processes. The article explains the steps to be performed, including the designing of joints, preblaze cleaning, assembling, brazing techniques (dip brazing, furnace and torch brazing, fluxless vacuum brazing), flux removal techniques, and postbraze heat treatment processes. It concludes with information on the safety precautions to be followed during the brazing process.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003614
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
.... Filament growth rates for aluminum are similar to those of coated steels. Magnesium has somewhat higher growth rates than aluminum. Filiform attack in both aluminum and magnesium is particularly severe in warm coastal and tropical regions where aerosolized salt occurs or in industrial areas where airborne...
Abstract
Filiform corrosion has been observed to occur under a wide range of organic coatings and proceeds with the same general characteristics on steel, aluminum, and magnesium. This article describes the standard tests for filiform corrosion, characteristics and mechanisms of filiform corrosion in steels, as well as coated aluminum and magnesium. It concludes with information on the prevention and mitigation of filiform corrosion accomplished through the adjustment of the environment and changes in the substrate and coating systems.
Book Chapter
Production of Titanium Powders
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006078
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... titanium powder Processes for Manufacturing Titanium Hydride Powder ADMA Products, Inc. became involved in the development of new processes for manufacturing titanium metal powder in the late 1990s. Extensive review of various routes of titanium powder production indicates that magnesium-hydrogen...
Abstract
This article provides a summary of the conventional technologies used for titanium powder production. It focuses on the various processes for titanium powder production, namely, Hunter, Kroll, Armstrong, MER, TIRO, FFC-Cambridge, Chinuka, and CSIR processes. Employment of titanium powder significantly improves the synthesis of titanium and its alloys.
Image
Relative galvanic corrosion produced by dissimilar fasteners attached to AZ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2005
Fig. 26 Relative galvanic corrosion produced by dissimilar fasteners attached to AZ91D magnesium alloy (ASTM B 117 salt spray test). Source: Ref 34 , 35
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Image
Effect of spacer thickness on the galvanic corrosion of AZ91 magnesium coup...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2005
Fig. 33 Effect of spacer thickness on the galvanic corrosion of AZ91 magnesium coupled to cast iron disks through plastic spacers (200 h salt spray). Source: Ref 34
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Image
Reduction of galvanic corrosion between magnesium-alloy AM608 (AZ91D) die-c...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2005
Fig. 30 Reduction of galvanic corrosion between magnesium-alloy AM608 (AZ91D) die-cast test plates and various coated steel fasteners, compared to bare steel fasteners. Tested for 200 h in continuous salt spray. Source: Ref 35
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Image
Stress corrosion cracking threshold examples. (a) Stainless steels in boili...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2000
Fig. 40 Stress corrosion cracking threshold examples. (a) Stainless steels in boiling 42% magnesium chloride solution. (b) Comparison of K ISCC of AISI 4340 steel (tensile yield strength, 1515 MPa, or 220 ksi) in methanol and salt water at room temperature
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Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001310
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... metals in the assembly. Environmental exposures involving salt water or condensing moisture in the presence of chlorides, as well as other salts, have in the past proven very aggressive to magnesium alloys. The higher-purity alloys introduced in the mid-1980s, however, exhibit significantly reduced...
Abstract
Surface treatments are applied to magnesium parts primarily to improve their appearance and corrosion resistance. Mechanical and chemical cleaning methods are used singly or in combination, depending on the specific application and product involved to ensure repetitive reliability. This article focuses on mechanical finishing methods, namely, barrel tumbling, polishing, buffing, vibratory finishing, fiber brushing, and shot blasting. It provides useful information on process control and difficulties with chemical and anodic treatments of magnesium alloys. The use and applications of plating and organic finishing of magnesium alloys are also reviewed. The article concludes with a description of health and safety precautions to be followed during the surface treatment process.
Book Chapter
Engineering Tables: Ceramics and Glasses
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003004
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
...–9 7.3–8.2 Ceramic colors Table 3 Ceramic colors Color Fired under oxidizing conditions Fired under reducing conditions White Aluminum oxide, antimony oxide, arsenic oxide, calcium borate, cerium compounds, magnesium carbonate, magnesium oxide, silver, tin oxide, titanium...
Abstract
This article is a comprehensive collection of engineering property data in tabulated form for ceramics and glasses. Data are provided for physical and mechanical properties of ceramic materials and color of ceramics fired under oxidizing and reducing conditions. The article also lists the materials characterization techniques for ceramics and glasses.
Book Chapter
Nonferrous Casting—An Introduction
Available to PurchaseBook: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005306
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... of copper alloys, 10% Magnesium high-pressure die casting, 3% The articles in this Section, “Casting of Non-ferrous Alloys,” describe the shape casting of aluminum, copper, and zinc alloys along with articles on the continuous casting of aluminum and copper. Casting of magnesium alloys is detailed...
Abstract
This article reviews the melt processing and casting of non-ferrous alloys, such as nickel alloys, titanium alloys, and lead alloys. It describes the lead refining steps, namely, copper drossing, softening, desilvering, zinc removal, bismuth removal, and final refining.
Book Chapter
Chromate Conversion Coatings
Available to PurchaseBook: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001275
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... or hydrofluoric acid salts, phosphoric acid, or other mineral acids. The chemical attack facilitates the dissolution of some surface metal and the formation of a protective film containing complex chromium compounds. A variety of metals and electrodeposited metal coatings, including zinc, cadmium, magnesium...
Abstract
This article briefly describes the basic attributes of chromate conversion coatings and the processes for applying them. It provides information on the influence of substrate microstructure on the performance of coating deposits and on the mechanism of substrate protection supplied by chromate coatings. The article also discusses the development of replacement technologies in response to environmental constraints that have developed around the use of chromium-base compounds.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004127
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... of chromic acid or chromium salts for magnesium and aluminum alloys. However, nonchromate-containing products are under development to ensure compliance with future environmental and safety regulatory requirements. When exposed to water/moisture, corrosion inhibitors can leach out, providing a self-healing...
Abstract
This article describes the influences of the operational environments of U.S. Navy aircraft during corrosion-control process. The most widely used materials in airframe structures and components, such as aluminum, steel, titanium, and magnesium alloy systems, are reviewed. The article provides information on the inspections steps, corrosion-control issues, and corrosion-prevention strategies for naval aircraft. It contains a table that lists typical locations of corrosion on the aircraft. The article also provides examples of aircraft corrosion damage.
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