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Book Chapter
Fundamental Structure-Property Relationships in Engineering Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002460
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
...-temperature fracture, high-temperature fracture, and fatigue failure are also discussed. atomic coordination ceramics crystal structure crystalline defects fatigue failure high-temperature fracture low-temperature fracture low-temperature strength mechanical properties metals microstructure...
Abstract
This article focuses on the relationships among material properties and material structure. It summarizes the fundamental characteristics of metals, ceramics, and polymers. The article provides information on the crystal structure, the atomic coordination, and crystalline defects. It discusses the relevance of the properties to design. The article describes the common means for increasing low-temperature strength and presents an example that shows structure-property relationships in nickel-base superalloys for high-temperature applications. The relationships of microstructure with low-temperature fracture, high-temperature fracture, and fatigue failure are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Low-Temperature Properties of Structural Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001037
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... Abstract Critical structural components must be fabricated from steels that exhibit adequate low-temperature fracture toughness because of the serious consequences of failure due to brittle fracture. This article reviews fracture resistance assessment procedures for welded joints and includes...
Abstract
Critical structural components must be fabricated from steels that exhibit adequate low-temperature fracture toughness because of the serious consequences of failure due to brittle fracture. This article reviews fracture resistance assessment procedures for welded joints and includes discussions on fatigue crack growth and fracture toughness. It presents the fracture toughness requirements specified by different design codes, summarizes the specifications for offshore structural steels provided by international standards organizations, and discusses the applications of these specifications. The article also focuses on advances made in steel technology and the impact of these advances on the fracture toughness of steel.
Image
Nonuniform, low quenching temperatures can cause bald-head fractures in car...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 6 Nonuniform, low quenching temperatures can cause bald-head fractures in carbon-tool steel dies.
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Book Chapter
Malleable Cast Irons
Available to PurchaseBook: Atlas of Fractographs
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2025
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12a.a0007066
EISBN: 978-1-62708-500-7
... (ASTM A47, grade 32510) after impact loading at −196 °C (−320 °F). Regions of dimpled rupture can still be observed even at this low temperature. Fracture-surface morphology is mixed (cleavage and dimpled rupture). SEM. Original magnification: 830× (R.C. Voigt and B. Pourlaidian, University of Kansas...
Abstract
This article presents fractographs that show evidence of overload in a ferritic malleable cast iron. The images illustrate crack initiation and propagation, as well as regions of dimpled rupture.
Image
Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 87 Fracture surface of ferritic-pearlite ductile iron in Fig. 85 and 86 . The low-temperature fracture occurred via a brittle, quasi-cleavage mode. SEM, 715× (R.C. Voigt and L.M. Eldoky, University of Kansas)
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Image
Fracture surface of ferritic malleable iron (ASTM A47, grade 32510) after i...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 June 2025
Fig. 2 Fracture surface of ferritic malleable iron (ASTM A47, grade 32510) after impact loading at −196 °C (−320 °F). Regions of dimpled rupture can still be observed even at this low temperature. Fracture-surface morphology is mixed (cleavage and dimpled rupture). SEM. Original magnification
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Book Chapter
Ductile Irons: Atlas of Fractographs
Available to PurchaseBook: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0000603
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
... high-nodularity ductile iron tested at room temperature. Note cleavage facets extending to the nodule, secondary cracking, and evidence of nodule cavity elongation. This material is not as tough as ferritic or pearlitic ductile iron. SEM, 550×. Fig. 66 : Fracture surface of normalized low-nodularity...
Abstract
This article is an atlas of fractographs that covers pearlitic and ferritic ductile irons. The fractographs display the following: brittle cleavage fracture; fatigue crack propagation; fatigue and monotonic fracture surfaces; fracture modes in slow monotonic loading and impact loading; and microcrack initiation and propagation.
Book Chapter
Specification and Selection of Ductile Irons
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006325
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... content of standard-grade irons to 3.5 to 5.0 wt% ( Ref 2 , 9 ). With these alloys, it is possible to make ferritic cast irons that combine ductility and strength in the as-cast state, so that a subsequent heat treatment can be avoided. This is, to some degree, at the expense of low-temperature fracture...
Abstract
The mechanical properties of ductile cast irons are determined largely by the microstructure of the steel matrix in combination with the shape, size, and distribution of the graphite nodules. This article describes the designation of ductile cast irons according to the ASTM International designation system and reviews standard-grade ductile cast irons. An overview of the most commonly used standards related to designation and specification of ductile cast iron is presented in a table. This article discusses the use of low-alloy ductile cast irons at elevated temperatures and the chemical compositions and some mechanical properties of austenitic ductile cast irons. The article concludes with a discussion on heat treatment of austempered ductile iron.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001464
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... applications where their limited ductility is acceptable ( Ref 8 , 9 , 10 ). The 18Ni maraging steel and the titanium alloy do not show a transition from ductile to brittle fracture at low temperatures, as do 9Ni and other lower-nickel-content steels ( Ref 1 , 2 , 9 ). No data for weld toughness were found...
Abstract
Cryogenic temperatures cause many structural alloys to become brittle, which is an unacceptable condition in most structural applications and is rectified by optimizing the weld composition. Although nonmatching weld compositions are most appropriate, differences between the welds and parent material in terms of thermal contraction, corrosion, and other factors must be considered. This article discusses these differences and describes the effect of these factors on the choice of the weld filler metal. It also provides a detailed discussion on the effects of cryogenic services on mechanical properties of the parent metal.
Book Chapter
Micromechanisms of Monotonic and Cyclic Crack Growth
Available to PurchaseBook: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002352
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... curves for each mode and for ductile fracture. While high-temperature fracture may absorb a significant amount of energy, the inelastic deformation is strongly rate dependent, in contrast to that for low-temperature fracture, and is therefore classified as a distinct mechanism. Most low-temperature...
Abstract
This article provides a brief description of the different types of micromechanisms of monotonic and cyclic fracture. General information on the material variables that have the most beneficial effect on resistance to failure is presented. The article discusses the various stages, growth rates, and striation spacings of fatigue crack. The mechanisms of fatigue striation formation are also discussed. The fatigue crack growth in duplex microstructures and cyclic crack growth in polymers are reviewed. The article also describes the mechanisms and models of fatigue crack closure.
Book Chapter
Fracture Mechanics Properties of Carbon and Alloy Steels
Available to PurchaseBook: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002397
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... ), whereas in the multiphase structures of pearlite and bainite the fracture facet size is controlled by the prior austenite grain size ( Ref 3 ). Low-Temperature Intergranular Fracture Low-temperature intergranular fracture can occur by two basic mechanisms: trace-element grain-boundary segregation...
Abstract
This article summarizes the metallurgy of carbon and alloy steels, followed by discussions on their major mechanical properties, namely, static fracture toughness, dynamic fracture toughness, fatigue or sustained-load crack growth rates, and fatigue or sustained-load thresholds. It addresses fatigue crack propagation and sustained-load crack propagation, as well as the fundamental aspects of fracture in steels. The article illustrates the effects of variations in the alloy chemistry, microstructure, temperature, strain rate, and environment on various fracture toughness or crack growth rate parameters.
Book Chapter
Creep and Stress Rupture Failures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003545
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
.... In contrast, void nucleation is not fully understood, although it appears to be the result of strain “misaccommodation” similar to crack nucleation in some low-temperature fractures ( Ref 6 ). For the high-temperature case, two adjacent grains may move at different creep rates. If the rates cannot be made...
Abstract
This article reviews the applied aspects of creep and stress-rupture failures. It discusses the microstructural changes and bulk mechanical behavior of classical and nonclassical creep behavior. The article provides a description of microstructural changes and damage from creep deformation, including stress-rupture fractures. It also describes metallurgical instabilities, such as aging and carbide reactions, and evaluates the complex effects of creep-fatigue interaction. The article concludes with a discussion on thermal fatigue and creep fatigue failures.
Book Chapter
Service Characteristics of Carbon and Alloy Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003104
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... wear, lubrication and lubricated wear, and selection of steels for wear resistance. The article discusses the effect of alloying elements, composition, and mechanical properties of carbon and low-alloy steels at elevated temperatures. It talks about the fatigue resistance characteristics of steels...
Abstract
Wear of metals occurs by plastic displacement of surface and near-surface material, and by detachment of particles that form wear debris. This article presents a table that contains the classification of wear. It describes the testing and evaluation of wear and talks about the abrasive wear, lubrication and lubricated wear, and selection of steels for wear resistance. The article discusses the effect of alloying elements, composition, and mechanical properties of carbon and low-alloy steels at elevated temperatures. It talks about the fatigue resistance characteristics of steels, and describes the forms of embrittlement associated with carbon and low-alloy steels. The article provides information on the effect of composition, manufacturing practices, and microstructure on notch toughness of steels. Finally, it explains the effects of alloy elements, inclusion content, microstructure and heat treatment on fracture toughness of steels.
Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002351
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... provides an overview of some of the major microstructural considerations in carbon and alloy steels that affect the fracture toughness, such as the ferrite grain size for low-temperature fracture, the prior-austenite grain size, the size, spacing, and character of inclusions, and phase transformations...
Abstract
This article reviews the basic processes of fracture and fatigue and shows how these processes occur in materials. It presents an overview of the fatigue mechanisms and some related models for appropriate classes of materials, such as carbon and alloy steels, aluminum alloys, and titanium alloys. Microstructural factors that affect the fracture toughness of these materials, are discussed. The article describes fatigue crack propagation (FCP) mechanisms and related models. It also analyzes FCP behavior in these materials, with an emphasis on general microstructural factors.
Book Chapter
Cryogenic Toughness and Fractography of Aluminum Alloys
Available to PurchaseBook: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0007026
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... are the parameters of materials selection. Aluminum alloys, being face-centered cubic materials, do not exhibit sudden ductile-to-brittle transition in fracture behavior with decreasing temperature from ambient conditions. Aluminum alloys are insensitive to strain rates in a wide range at room and low...
Abstract
This article aims to summarize the work on cryogenic strength and toughness and to present the fractography of aluminum alloys. It presents case studies on the importance of understanding the fractography of aluminum alloys and the role of microstructure in the appearance of fractographic features, with variables comprised of in-plane/through-thickness anisotropy, test temperature, heat treatment condition, and the effect of welding.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006780
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... by the same mechanisms that cause creep deformation. In contrast, void nucleation is not fully understood, although it appears to be the result of strain “misaccommodation,” similar to crack nucleation in some low-temperature fractures ( Ref 12 ). For the high-temperature case, two adjacent grains can move...
Abstract
The principal types of elevated-temperature mechanical failure are creep and stress rupture, stress relaxation, low- and high-cycle fatigue, thermal fatigue, tension overload, and combinations of these, as modified by environment. This article briefly reviews the applied aspects of creep-related failures, where the mechanical strength of a material becomes limited by creep rather than by its elastic limit. The majority of information provided is applicable to metallic materials, and only general information regarding creep-related failures of polymeric materials is given. The article also reviews various factors related to creep behavior and associated failures of materials used in high-temperature applications. The complex effects of creep-fatigue interaction, microstructural changes during classical creep, and nondestructive creep damage assessment of metallic materials are also discussed. The article describes the fracture characteristics of stress rupture. Information on various metallurgical instabilities is also provided. The article presents a description of thermal-fatigue cracks, as distinguished from creep-rupture cracks.
Book Chapter
Fatigue and Fracture Properties of Cast Steels
Available to PurchaseBook: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002398
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
..., a significant portion of this article is based on a very comprehensive study of the fatigue and fracture properties of cast steels at room and low climatic temperatures done by R.I. Stephens and his students ( Ref 2 , 3 ). The study included fatigue behavior under both constant-amplitude and variable-amplitude...
Abstract
This article summarizes the general fatigue and fracture properties of cast steels, namely, toughness, fatigue, and component design factors such as section size and discontinuities. It describes the various factors that influence fatigue of cast steels. These factors include section size, defect size, stress modes, and waveform types. The article discusses various fracture mechanics in cast steels: cyclic stress-strain behavior and low- and high-cycle fatigue life behavior; plane-stress fracture toughness; plane-strain fracture toughness; constant-amplitude fatigue crack initiation and growth; and variable-amplitude fatigue crack initiation and growth.
Book Chapter
Brittle Fracture Assessment and Failure Assessment Diagrams
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006809
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... mitigation storage tanks METAL TEMPERATURE highly influences the fracture toughness of carbon and low-alloy steel materials. At low temperatures, the material tends to behave in a brittle manner, making it much more susceptible to sudden fracture without warning. At high temperatures, the material...
Abstract
A detailed fracture mechanics evaluation is the most accurate and reliable prediction of process equipment susceptibility to brittle fracture. This article provides an overview and discussion on brittle fracture. The discussion covers the reasons to evaluate brittle fracture, provides a brief summary of historical failures that were found to be a result of brittle fracture, and describes key components that drive susceptibility to a brittle fracture failure, namely stress, material toughness, and cracklike defect. It also presents industry codes and standards that assess susceptibility to brittle fracture. Additionally, a series of case study examples are presented that demonstrate assessment procedures used to mitigate the risk of brittle fracture in process equipment.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005342
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... temperature of the component. This can occur with carbon and low-alloy steels as well as ductile iron. An example of cleavage fracture in a ductile iron is shown in Fig. 6 . This contrasts with the ductile rupture features shown previously. In some cases, such as ductile iron and low-alloy steel...
Abstract
This article discusses the visual and microscopic characteristics of fractures of cast alloys. These fractures include ductile rupture, transgranular brittle fracture, intergranular fracture, fatigue, and environmentally induced fracture. The article also describes the factors that affect fracture appearance.
Book
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2025
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12a.9781627085007
EISBN: 978-1-62708-500-7
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