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Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 7 Type II low-temperature hot corrosion, showing the layered appearance of the scale. As-polished More
Book Chapter

By David N. French
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001816
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... cause thinning and subsequent rupture. Overheating may or may not occur in tubes thinned by erosion or corrosion. Microstructural Features Prolonged overheating, usually at temperatures below Ac 1 (the temperature at which austenite begins to form) in carbon and low-alloy steels, causes...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004159
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... is cooled below the saturation temperature pertinent to the concentration of condensable species contained by a gas. In the context of this article, it is the attack in the low-temperature section of combustion equipment resulting from acidic flue gas vapors that condense and cause corrosion damage...
Book Chapter

By Raymond G. Bayer
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003558
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Grazing or high angle of incidence High or low temperature Corrosive or noncorrosive fluid Slurry erosion Grazing or high angle of incidence High or low temperature Corrosive or noncorrosive fluid Droplet erosion Grazing or high angle of incidence High or low temperature...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006825
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
..., reheater, and economizer tubes). Boiler tubes, which constitute one of the main pressure parts in a boiler, are exposed to highly adverse conditions, such as high skin temperatures, corrosive and erosive environment on their outer surface, and high-pressure, high-temperature water and/or steam from...
Book Chapter

By Otakar Jonas
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004155
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... ). The corrosiveness of the steam turbine environments (on the surface, at temperature) is caused by one or more of the following: Concentration of impurities from low part per billion levels in steam to percent levels on turbine surfaces and the formation of concentrated aqueous solutions (concentration...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004211
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... and nonferrous alloys used in petroleum refining and petrochemical applications. The article reviews the mechanical properties, fabricability, and corrosion resistance of refinery steels. It describes low- and high-temperature corrosion, hydrogen embrittlement, and cracking such as stress-corrosion, sulfide...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004156
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... for waterwalls. From the corrosion data generated from these studies, a corrosion model was developed that can be used to estimate the corrosion rates of waterwall alloys (carbon and low-alloy steels) as a function of metal temperature, H 2 S concentration in the flue gas, and chromium content in the alloy ( Ref...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004124
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... Corrosion Fireside corrosion Low-temperature Waterwall Coal ash Oil ash Lack of quality control Maintenance cleaning damage Chemical excursion damage Materials damage Welding defects Source: Ref 7 Stress Rupture Failures in Boiler Environments Stress and temperature...
Book Chapter

By Thomas G. Oakwood
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003806
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... containing varying amounts of many of the constituents mentioned previously. In energy conversion systems, contaminants in coal, oil, and natural gas result in the accelerated attack of low-alloy steels at elevated temperatures. In steam-generating electric power plants, corrosion due to impurities...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003555
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Metallurgical Services Fig. 9 Energy-dispersive spectroscopy corresponding to areas of Fig. 8 . Courtesy of Mohan Chaudhari, Columbus Metallurgical Services Little or no chlorides were detected in the corrosion debris, because these compounds have low melting and sublimation temperatures...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004158
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... and martensitic, are used for lower-temperature static parts, fuel nozzles, and sometimes disks. Low-alloy steels are sometimes used for disks. While corrosion issues can occur for all of these materials and components, these issues are most often encountered with the blades and vanes. When the alloys do...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006349
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... Austenitic ductile iron castings for pressure-containing parts suitable for low-temperature service High-Chromium Cast Irons High-chromium cast irons are the fourth class of corrosion-resistant cast irons. These materials are basically white cast irons alloyed with 12 to 35% Cr. Other alloying...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0004050
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... Abstract This article describes the specific features and mechanisms of oxidation in thermal spray coatings. It discusses the two forms of hot corrosion in sulfur-containing combustion, namely high-temperature hot corrosion and low-temperature hot corrosion. The article reviews the behavior...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005939
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
... low-temperature carburization of austenitic stainless steels and other chromium-containing alloys. It describes the performance properties of the low-temperature carburized layer: fatigue resistance, wear resistance, erosion resistance, and corrosion resistance. austenitic stainless steel...
Book Chapter

By Wate Bakker
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004151
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... plant. Alloy 28 (UNS N08028), HR 160 (UNS N12160) When scale spallation due to chlorine migration to scale/metal interface occurs, corrosion rates increase considerably even at relatively low temperatures. Figure 10 shows the corrosion loss of the 310 stainless steel of Fig. 8 , as a function...
Book Chapter

By Thomas C. Spence
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003810
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... parts suitable for low-temperature service High-Chromium Cast Irons High-chromium cast irons are the fourth class of corrosion-resistant cast irons. These materials are basically white cast irons alloyed with 12 to 35% Cr. Other alloying elements may also be added to improve resistance...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004152
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... when trays are not properly aligned, spray nozzles plug or fail, or when the deaerator steam temperature or flow are low. Corrosion Problems and Solutions Stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) and corrosion fatigue (CF) of the deaerator storage tank and deaerating vessel welds is an industrywide...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001430
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... temperature. Unlike many bcc metals, tantalum retains good ductility to very low temperatures, and exhibits a ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) of approximately −250 °C (−420 °F). Tantalum has excellent corrosion resistance to a wide variety of acids, alcohols, chlorides, sulfates...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003139
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... at levels exceeding their solid solubility or up to a maximum of 5%. Four elements in Fig. 1 (cadmium, zinc, calcium, and silver) have mild-to-moderate accelerating effects on corrosion rates, whereas four others (iron, nickel, copper, and cobalt) have extremely deleterious effects because of their low...