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Book Chapter

Piercing of Low-Carbon Steel

Available to Purchase

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005109
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... in piercing. It illustrates the use of compound dies, progressive dies, and transfer dies; piercing of thick and thin stock and piercing holes at an angle to the surface; special piercing techniques; and shaving of low-carbon steels. compound dies low-carbon steel piercing progressive dies shear...
Abstract
This article illustrates the characteristics of pierced holes and summarizes the hole wall quality. Specific guidance in selecting die clearances is provided by considering the types of edges produced with different clearances. The article discusses the effect of tool dulling and the use of small and large clearance. It informs that the force needed to pierce a given material depends on the shear strength of the work metal, the peripheral size of the hole or holes to be pierced, stock thickness, and depth of shear on the punch. The article discusses the presses and tools used in piercing. It illustrates the use of compound dies, progressive dies, and transfer dies; piercing of thick and thin stock and piercing holes at an angle to the surface; special piercing techniques; and shaving of low-carbon steels.
View PDF for content titled, Piercing of <span class="search-highlight">Low</span>-<span class="search-highlight">Carbon</span> <span class="search-highlight">Steel</span>
Book Chapter

Blanking of Low-Carbon Steel

Available to Purchase

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005108
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... Abstract This article discusses the production of blanks from low-carbon steel sheet and strip in dies in a mechanical or hydraulic press. It describes the cutting operations that are done by dies in presses to produce blanks. The applications of blanking methods are described with examples...
Abstract
This article discusses the production of blanks from low-carbon steel sheet and strip in dies in a mechanical or hydraulic press. It describes the cutting operations that are done by dies in presses to produce blanks. The applications of blanking methods are described with examples. The article reviews the characteristics of blanked edges and explains how to calculate the forces and the work involved in blanking. Factors affecting the processing of blanks are discussed. The article provides information on the selection of work metal form, the effect of work metal thickness on the selection of material for dies and related components, as well as the selection of die type and design. The article illustrates the construction and use of short-run dies and conventional dies. It concludes with information on the shaving and deburring methods for blanking.
View PDF for content titled, Blanking of <span class="search-highlight">Low</span>-<span class="search-highlight">Carbon</span> <span class="search-highlight">Steel</span>
Image

Cap-to-pipe weldment. Low-carbon steel welded to medium-carbon steel; low-c...

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in Design for Joining > Materials Selection and Design
Published: 01 January 1997
Fig. 12 Cap-to-pipe weldment. Low-carbon steel welded to medium-carbon steel; low-carbon steel filler metal (EL12). Source: Ref 15 Joint type Joggled lap Weld type, original design Square-groove, with backing ring Weld type, improved design Modified single-V-groove More
Image

Comparison of nitrogen gradients in a low-carbon steel and in a low-alloy s...

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in Liquid Nitriding of Steels[1] > Steel Heat Treating Fundamentals and Processes
Published: 01 August 2013
Fig. 7 Comparison of nitrogen gradients in a low-carbon steel and in a low-alloy steel containing chromium, both nitrided by the aerated bath process More
Image

Six low-carbon steel sheet specimens, separated by steel spacers, showing (...

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in Metallography and Microstructures of Low-Carbon and Coated Steels > Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 20 Six low-carbon steel sheet specimens, separated by steel spacers, showing (a) damage from mounting in a thermosetting phenolic resin and (b) lack of damage when mounted in a castable epoxy More
Image

Microstructure of a low-carbon steel sheet mounted in a steel clamp. The cl...

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in Metallography and Microstructures of Low-Carbon and Coated Steels > Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 24 Microstructure of a low-carbon steel sheet mounted in a steel clamp. The clamp is at the top. Note the excellent edge retention of the steel sample. Marshall's reagent. 500× More
Image

Cleavage crack path in a ferritic-pearlitic low-carbon steel. Note the subs...

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in Visual Examination and Light Microscopy > Fractography
Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 47 Cleavage crack path in a ferritic-pearlitic low-carbon steel. Note the subsurface cracks (arrows). One crack has been partially filled by nickel plating. Etched with 2% nital. 1000× More
Image

Cleavage in a low-carbon steel specimen that was impact fractured at liquid...

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in Scanning Electron Microscopy > Fractography
Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 12 Cleavage in a low-carbon steel specimen that was impact fractured at liquid-nitrogen temperatures. 385× More
Image

Poorly defined fatigue striations in a low-carbon steel specimen

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in Scanning Electron Microscopy > Fractography
Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 17 Poorly defined fatigue striations in a low-carbon steel specimen More
Image

Fracture in low-carbon steel containing 0.065% C, 0.52% Mn, 0.01% P, 0.022%...

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in Low-Carbon Steels: Atlas of Fractographs > Fractography
Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 111 Fracture in low-carbon steel containing 0.065% C, 0.52% Mn, 0.01% P, 0.022% S, and 0.076% Si (Mn:S ratio, 23.6:1). The specimen was “sensitized,” and broken in tension, as described for Fig. 110 . Under these conditions, a low Mn:S ratio would result in a completely intergranular More
Image

Surface of fracture obtained in test bar of low-carbon steel containing 0.0...

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in Low-Carbon Steels: Atlas of Fractographs > Fractography
Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 112 Surface of fracture obtained in test bar of low-carbon steel containing 0.041% C, 0.62% Mn, 0.008% P, 0.028% S, and 0.032% Si (Mn:S ratio, 22.1:1). The test bar was remelted in its central zone in a Gleeble test unit, solidifying in situ in its quartz sleeve. Following controlled More
Image

Fractograph of cleavage fracture in low-carbon steel shows tongue (arrow) f...

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in Low-Carbon Steels: Atlas of Fractographs > Fractography
Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 163 Fractograph of cleavage fracture in low-carbon steel shows tongue (arrow) formed by local fracture along twin-matrix interfaces. Tongue formation occurs as a result of the high velocity at which a cleavage crack propagates (it has limiting velocity between 0.4 and 0.5 of the speed More
Image

River pattern on cleavage fracture surface of low-carbon steel bolt. When a...

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in Low-Carbon Steels: Atlas of Fractographs > Fractography
Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 164 River pattern on cleavage fracture surface of low-carbon steel bolt. When a crack crosses a twist boundary, many small parallel cracks may form with cleavage steps between them. These steps run together, forming larger ones and leading to the river patterns characteristic of cleavage More
Image

Comparison of the conventional stress-strain behavior of a low-carbon steel...

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in Analysis of Distortion and Deformation > Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 1 Comparison of the conventional stress-strain behavior of a low-carbon steel, a strain-hardening material, and the idealized material assumed in limit analysis. All have the same yield strength. More
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Low-carbon steel tee fitting in a line leading to a natural-gas dryer that ...

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in Failures of Heat Exchangers[1] > Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 3 Low-carbon steel tee fitting in a line leading to a natural-gas dryer that failed from hydrogen sulfide corrosion. (a) Arrangement of piping showing point of leakage in the tee fitting. (b) Inner surface of the tee fitting showing corrosion deposit and area of complete penetration More
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A specimen from a low-carbon steel nipple showing fissuring at grain bounda...

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in Failures of Pressure Vessels[1] > Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 1 A specimen from a low-carbon steel nipple showing fissuring at grain boundaries (top) caused by hydrogen attack. 80× More
Image

Quasi-cleavage fracture in a low-carbon steel tested at −196 °C (−320 °F). ...

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in Mechanisms and Appearances of Ductile and Brittle Fracture in Metals > Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 57 Quasi-cleavage fracture in a low-carbon steel tested at −196 °C (−320 °F). (a) Tensile specimen. (b) Torsion (mode III) specimen. Etch pitting indicated that the fracture plane was {100}. Source: Ref 72 More
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SEM view of the fracture surface of a low-carbon steel specimen broken in t...

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in Examination of Damage and Material Evaluation > Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 11 SEM view of the fracture surface of a low-carbon steel specimen broken in tension, showing ductile dimples, local quasicleavage, and manganese sulfide inclusions More
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Plot from EDS scan of low carbon steel sheet at (a) 15 keV and (b) 5 keV. T...

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in Chemical Analysis of Metals in Failure Analysis > Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 4 Plot from EDS scan of low carbon steel sheet at (a) 15 keV and (b) 5 keV. The high energy iron peaks (above 5 keV) are missing in the spectrum in (b) produced from 5 keV electrons. The carbon peak is also higher in Fig. 4(b), suggesting a trace of carbon, probably from oil More
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Light micrograph of the path of a fatigue crack through a low-carbon steel ...

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in Metallographic Techniques in Failure Analysis > Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 4 Light micrograph of the path of a fatigue crack through a low-carbon steel specimen. Etched with 2% nital More