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Book Chapter

By R.D. Kane
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003610
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... Abstract This article provides information on the liquid lithium systems that are exposed to liquid metal. It discusses the forms in which liquid-metal corrosion is manifested. The influence of several key factors on the corrosion of metals and alloys by liquid-metal systems or liquid-vapor...
Book Chapter

By P.F. Tortorelli, S.J. Pawel
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003594
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... Abstract This article examines a type of corrosion that occurs when solids (primarily metals) are exposed to liquid metal environments. It describes the principle mechanisms of liquid metal corrosion, including dissolution, impurity and interstitial reactions, alloying, and compound reduction...
Book Chapter

By Bruce Craig
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003632
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... Abstract This article discusses the fundamental aspects of environmentally induced cracking. It provides a theoretical basis for the evaluation, testing, and methods of protection against the cracking. The article describes the mechanisms of corrosion that produce cracking of metals...
Book Chapter

By Te-Lin Yau
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003645
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... accelerated test for such metals as aluminum alloys and others that develop concentrated attack at the liquid line (or splash zone in certain equipment). In certain alloy-environment systems, the vapor phase is more corrosive than the liquid phase. Intermittent Immersion The term intermittent...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003824
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... Abstract For chemical processing, niobium resists a wide variety of corrosive environments, including mineral acids, many organic acids, liquid metals, and most salt solutions. This article focuses on the mechanisms of corrosion resistance of niobium alloys in these environments. The niobium...
Book Chapter

By Thomas A. Adler
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003568
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... increases the rate of attack due to mechanical wear and corrosion, the attack is called erosion-corrosion . It is encountered when particles in a liquid impinge on a metal surface, causing the removal of protective surface films, such as air-formed protective oxide films or adherent corrosion products...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003827
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... exposure of beryllium that has been studied includes gaseous and liquid metal corrosion. High-Temperature Gas Oxidation The oxidation of beryllium exposed to gases at high temperature has been studied for applications in gas-cooled reactor systems ( Ref 28 , Ref 29 , Ref 30 , Ref 31 , Ref 32...
Book Chapter

By Philippe Marcus
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003577
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... of a knowledge-based design of corrosion resistant alloys and to the prediction of the long-term behavior of metallic materials in corrosive environments. Two major areas are usually distinguished in the corrosion of metals and alloys. The first area is where the metal or alloy is exposed to a liquid...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006786
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... to be a prerequisite for this type of LMIE in all observed cases. Type 4: High-temperature corrosion of a solid metal by a liquid metal causes embrittlement, which is an entirely different problem from types 1 to 3. For the purposes of this Volume, this article summarizes some of the characteristics...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004182
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... at 60 °C (140 °F); vapor phase purged with nitrogen Metal Corrosion rate in various acid concentrations 50% 65% 70% Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor mm/yr mils/yr mm/yr mils/yr mm/yr mils/yr mm/yr mils/yr mm/yr mils/yr mm/yr mils/yr Platinum nil nil nil...
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003142
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... and liquid metal embrittlement. A short section discusses the addition of alloys that can improve the corrosion resistance of titanium. cavitation corrosion resistance crack propagation crevice corrosion erosion-corrosion galvanic corrosion hot salt corrosion stress corrosion cracking titanium...
Book Chapter

By David G. Kolman
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003635
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
..., brazing, soldering, and welding ( Ref 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ) operations. Embrittlement of steel occurs by electroplated or dipped cadmium, zinc, or tin—all of which provide corrosion resistance. In liquid metal cooled reactors, liquid lithium can cause LMIE in metals. Fig. 6 Influence...
Book Chapter

By Maksim Antonov
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006795
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... a more erosion-resistant metal. Erosion-Corrosion When movement of a corrodent over a metal surface increases the rate of attack due to mechanical wear and corrosion, the attack is called erosion-corrosion. It is encountered when particles in a liquid impinge on a metal surface, causing...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 January 2025
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0007042
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... and other pyrometallurgical processes for different molten slags, liquid metals, and gas atmospheres, considering linear variation of refractories and reacting media. More microstructural-based corrosion models should be developed in the future to quantitatively describe and predict the corrosion...
Book Chapter

By Walter J. Jensen
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001812
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
...-corrosion cracking, hydrogen embrittlement, and liquid-metal embrittlement of bolts and nuts. The article explains the most commonly used protective metal coatings for ferrous metal fasteners. Zinc, cadmium, and aluminum are commonly used for such coatings. The article also illustrates the performance...
Book Chapter

By Mark Eisenmann, Richard Morgan
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006134
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... ). Porous ceramics are utilized in applications that require higher-temperature service or more extreme corrosion resistance than porous metals can provide. However, porous ceramics are limited in their application because they have substantially lower mechanical properties than metals and because...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003603
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... processes include many corrosion phenomena that are encountered in the practice of corrosion engineering and corrosion science. The majority of those phenomena deal with either aqueous or gaseous corrosion, although there are concerns about materials for use in molten salt and liquid metal environments...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003554
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... causes the solid metal to eventually disintegrate. Stress does not appear to be a prerequisite for this type of LMIE in all observed cases. Type 4: High-temperature corrosion of a solid metal by a liquid metal causes embrittlement, which is an entirely different problem from types 1 to 3...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003715
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... into a nonmetallic state. The products of corrosion may be dissolved species or solid corrosion products. Because electrochemical reactions are at the origin of corrosion, the corroding metal surface is considered an electrode. The ionically conducting liquid is the electrolyte in which the reactions take place...
Book Chapter

By Hira S. Ahluwalia, Ramgopal Thodla
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004188
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... to considered and controlled. A review by Brossia et al. ( Ref 5 ) discusses the important variables and parameters that require consideration when testing in organic systems. Some of the important environmental variables that influence corrosion testing in organic liquids include: Metal, alloy...