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J. Senatorski, J. Tacikowski, E. Roliński, Steven Lampman
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Rafael A. Mesquita, Reinhold E. Schneider
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Arnold R. Marder
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Rafael Agnelli Mesquita, Reinhold Schneider, Cristiane Sales Gonçalves
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A.J. Moorhead, W.H. Elliott, Jr., H.-E. Kim
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005776
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... Abstract The liquid nitriding process has several proprietary modifications and is applied to a wide variety of carbon steels, low-alloy steels, tool steels, stainless steels, and cast irons. This article discusses the applications, subclassifications, operating procedures, and maintenance...
Abstract
The liquid nitriding process has several proprietary modifications and is applied to a wide variety of carbon steels, low-alloy steels, tool steels, stainless steels, and cast irons. This article discusses the applications, subclassifications, operating procedures, and maintenance procedures, as well as the equipment used (salt bath furnaces) and safety precautions to be undertaken during the liquid nitriding process. It describes the different types of liquid nitriding process, namely, liquid pressure nitriding, aerated bath nitriding, and liquid nitrocarburizing. Environmental considerations and the increased cost of detoxification of cyanide-containing effluents have led to the development of low-cyanide salt bath nitrocarburizing treatments. The article reviews the wear and antiscuffing characteristics of the compound zone produced in salt baths with the help of Falex scuff test.
Image
Results of liquid pressure nitriding on type 410 stainless steel (compositi...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2013
Fig. 1 Results of liquid pressure nitriding on type 410 stainless steel (composition, 0.12C-0.45Mn-0.41Ni-11.90Cr; core hardness, 24 HRC)
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Results of liquid pressure nitriding on AISI type D2 tool steel (compositio...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2013
Fig. 2 Results of liquid pressure nitriding on AISI type D2 tool steel (composition, 1.55C-0.35Mn-11.50Cr-0.80Mo-0.90V; core hardness, 52 HRC)
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Image
Results of liquid pressure nitriding on SAE 4140 low-alloy steel (compositi...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2013
Fig. 3 Results of liquid pressure nitriding on SAE 4140 low-alloy steel (composition, 0.38C-0.89Mn-1.03Cr-0.18Mo; core hardness, 35 HRC)
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Nitrided case and diffusion zone produced by cyanide-cyanate liquid nitridi...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2013
Fig. 5 Nitrided case and diffusion zone produced by cyanide-cyanate liquid nitriding. The characteristic needle structure is seen only after a 300 °C (570 °F) aging treatment. Depth of compound zone about 0.01 mm
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Image
Nitride layer etched with 3% picral on ductile iron specimen (grade 80-55-0...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2004
Fig. 38 Nitride layer etched with 3% picral on ductile iron specimen (grade 80-55-06). Liquid nitrided for 3 h in a salt bath at 570 °C (1060 °F) and water quenched. (a) 500×. (b) 1000×
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Book Chapter
Case Hardening of Steel
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003197
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
..., carbon and hardness gradients, and process procedures of different types of case hardening methods: carburizing (gas, pack, liquid, vacuum, and plasma), nitriding (gas, liquid, plasma), carbonitriding, cyaniding and ferritic nitrocarburizing. An accurate and repeatable method of measuring case depth...
Abstract
Case hardening is defined as a process by which a ferrous material is hardened in such a manner that the surface layer, known as the case, becomes substantially harder than the remaining material, known as the core. This article discusses the equipment required, process variables, carbon and hardness gradients, and process procedures of different types of case hardening methods: carburizing (gas, pack, liquid, vacuum, and plasma), nitriding (gas, liquid, plasma), carbonitriding, cyaniding and ferritic nitrocarburizing. An accurate and repeatable method of measuring case depth is essential for quality control of the case hardening process and for evaluation of workpieces for conformance with specifications. The article also discusses various case depth measurement methods, including chemical, mechanical, visual, and nondestructive methods.
Image
Depth of case for several chromium-containing low-alloy steels, aluminum-co...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2013
Fig. 9 Depth of case for several chromium-containing low-alloy steels, aluminum-containing steels, and tool steels after liquid nitriding in a conventional salt bath at 525 °C (975 °F) for up to 70 h
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Depth of case for several chromium-containing low-alloy steels, aluminum-co...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1998
Fig. 17 Depth of case for several chromium-containing low-alloy steels, aluminum-containing steels, and tool steels after liquid nitriding in a conventional salt bath at 525 °C (975 °F) for up to 70 h
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Book Chapter
Tribology of Nitrided and Nitrocarburized Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006355
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... the coefficient of friction with a compound layer Increasing the fatigue strength of the components The methods of introducing atomic nitrogen, or both atomic nitrogen and atomic carbon, into the surface include the following: Gas nitriding and gas nitrocarburizing Liquid nitriding with salt...
Abstract
The surface of irons and steels can be hardened by introducing nitrogen (nitriding), nitrogen and carbon (nitrocarburizing), or nitrogen and sulfur (sulfonitriding) into the surface. This article lists the principal reasons for nitriding and nitrocarburizing, and summarizes the typical characteristics of nitriding processes along with a general comparison of carburizing processes in a table. It describes the two most common nitriding methods: gas nitriding and ion (plasma) nitriding. The article discusses the wear behavior of nitrided layers and the wear resistance of selected steels. Rolling-contact fatigue (RCF) occurs in rolling contacts such as bearings, rolls, and gears. The article provides a discussion on rolling-contact fatigue of nitrided steels for aerospace bearing components.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001305
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... and laser surface processing. Surface hardening techniques, namely, nitriding, carburizing, boriding, and flame hardening, performed to improve the resistance of stainless steel alloys are also reviewed. acid cleaning acid descaling alkaline cleaning boriding buffing carburizing electrocleaning...
Abstract
Passivation; pickling, that is, acid descaling; electropolishing; and mechanical cleaning are important surface treatments for the successful performance of stainless steel used for piping, pressure vessels, tanks, and machined parts in a wide variety of applications. This article provides an overview of the various types of stainless steels and describes the commonly used cleaning methods, namely, alkaline cleaning, emulsion cleaning, solvent cleaning, vapor degreasing, ultrasonic cleaning, and acid cleaning. Finishing operations of stainless steels, such as grinding, polishing, and buffing, are reviewed. The article also explains the procedures of electrocleaning, electropolishing, electroplating, painting, surface blackening, coloring, terne coatings, and thermal spraying. It includes useful information on the surface modification of stainless steels, namely, ion implantation and laser surface processing. Surface hardening techniques, namely, nitriding, carburizing, boriding, and flame hardening, performed to improve the resistance of stainless steel alloys are also reviewed.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Heat Treating of Tool Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005946
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
... , ASM International, 2008. After obtaining a proper liquid steel, the liquid is cast into ingots, usually by conventional casting. Continuous casting, although used for most of the carbon and low-alloy steels, is not usually used for tool steels, due to two main reasons. First, the high amount...
Abstract
Tool steels are an important class of steels due to their distinct applications and their specific heat treating issues. This article provides an overview of the classification and production of tool steels, and discusses the procedures and process control requirements for heat treating principal types of tool steels. It reviews the various heat treating processes, namely, normalizing, annealing, stress relieving, austenitizing, quenching, and tempering, and surface treatments and cold treating. The article also provides information on the applicability of these processes to various types of tool steels.
Image
Hardness gradients for several alloy and tool steels nitrided in salt by th...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2013
Fig. 10 Hardness gradients for several alloy and tool steels nitrided in salt by the liquid pressure process. Rockwell C hardness values are converted from Knoop hardness measurements made using a 500 g load. Temperatures are nitriding temperatures.
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Book Chapter
Effects of Surface Treatments on Materials Performance
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002466
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... surface hardening and diffusion coatings such as carburizing, nitriding, and carbonitriding. The article also tabulates typical characteristics of carburizing, nitriding, and carbonitriding diffusion treatments. carbonitriding carburizing chemical vapor deposition diffusion coatings electro...
Abstract
Surface treatments are used in a variety of ways to improve the material properties of a component. This article provides information on surface treatments that improve service performance so that the design engineer may consider surface-engineered components as an alternative to more costly materials. It describes solidification surface treatments such as hot dip coatings, weld overlays, and thermal spray coatings. The article discusses deposition surface treatments such as electrochemical plating, chemical vapor deposition, and physical vapor deposition processes. It explains surface hardening and diffusion coatings such as carburizing, nitriding, and carbonitriding. The article also tabulates typical characteristics of carburizing, nitriding, and carbonitriding diffusion treatments.
Book Chapter
Joining of Ceramics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003056
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
.... Basic Factors in Bonding In most cases, one of the bonding phases is a liquid at the bonding temperature. Wetting and spreading (discussed in more detail below) play a critical role in distribution of the liquid and the formation of an intimate atomic interference without the application...
Abstract
Many applications of ceramics and glasses require them to be joined to each other or to other materials such as metals. This article focuses on ceramic joining technologies, including glass-metal sealing, glass-ceramic/metal joining, ceramic-metal joining, ceramic-ceramic joining, and the more advanced joining of nonoxide ceramics. It also discusses metallizing, brazing, diffusion bonding, and chemical bonding.
Book Chapter
Vacuum Arc Remelting
Available to PurchaseBook: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005202
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... to the ingot axis. In addition to deepening the molten pool and increasing the angle of the liquid-solid zone, there is another ramification when Lorentz stirring is dominant. At low currents, oxides and nitrides in the electrode are melted out, drop onto the molten pool surface, and are swept to the sides...
Abstract
The vacuum arc remelting (VAR) process is widely used to improve the cleanliness and refine the structure of standard air melted or vacuum induction melted (VIM) ingots. It is also used in the triplex production of superalloys. This article illustrates the VAR process and the capabilities and variables of the process. It also presents a discussion on the melt solidification, resulting structure, and ingot defects. The article concludes with a discussion on the VAR process of superalloy and titanium and titanium alloy.
Book Chapter
Heat Treating of High-Speed Tool Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005975
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
... to about 315 °C (600 °F) before being introduced into the bath. Nitriding Liquid nitriding is preferred to gas nitriding for high-speed steel cutting tools due to the possibility of realizing short nitriding cycles. Alternatively, plasma nitriding can be used, which allows a better control...
Abstract
This article focuses on various heat treatment practices recommended for different types of high-speed tool steels. Commonly used methods include annealing, stress relieving, preheating, austenitizing, quenching, tempering, carburizing, and nitriding. The article describes hardening for various types of cutting tools, namely, broaches, chasers, milling cutters, drills, taps, reamers, form tools, and hobs, and for thread rolling dies, threading dies, and bearings.
Book Chapter
Metallography and Microstructures of Case-Hardening Steel
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003762
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... or fluidized bed), liquid (salt bath), and plasma (ion) nitriding. Plasma nitriding allows faster nitriding times than for gas nitriding, which can take 10 to 20 h or even days, depending on the application. The mechanism of generating nascent nitrogen at the surface of the workpiece also affects the case...
Abstract
This article discusses the metallography and microstructures of carburized, carbonitrided, and nitrided steels, with illustrations. It provides information on the widely used metallographic techniques including sectioning, mounting, grinding and polishing, and etching.
Book Chapter
Brazing of Ceramic and Ceramic-to-Metal Joints
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001457
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... through a liquid phase (not by surface diffusion) that is formed by the reaction of metal-oxide sintering aids and the silicon dioxide that coats each of the silicon nitride grains. In most cases, at least some residue of the sintering aid remains at the grain boundaries after the ceramic densities...
Abstract
This article is intended to assist the development of procedures for the brazing of ceramic-to-ceramic or ceramic-to-metal joints for service under elevated temperatures, mechanical or thermal stresses, or corrosive atmospheres. It describes the factors considered in preparing a procedure for the brazing of graphitic materials.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001306
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... (electrical steels). This article provides a detailed discussion on the various surface treatments, including cleaning, nitriding, carburizing, coating, and plating, performed on specialty steels. carburizing case hardening cleaning coating corrosion resistance deburring electrical steels ferrous...
Abstract
Specialty steels encompass a broad range of ferrous alloys noted for their special processing characteristics (powder metallurgy alloys), corrosion resistance (stainless steels), wear resistance and toughness (tool steels), high strength (maraging steels), or magnetic properties (electrical steels). This article provides a detailed discussion on the various surface treatments, including cleaning, nitriding, carburizing, coating, and plating, performed on specialty steels.
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