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liquid front damage
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Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005277
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... Abstract This article provides a discussion on ten rules for the effective production of reliable castings. These rules include good-quality melt, liquid front damage, liquid front stop, bubble damage, core blows, shrinkage damage, convection damage, segregation, residual stress, and location...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on ten rules for the effective production of reliable castings. These rules include good-quality melt, liquid front damage, liquid front stop, bubble damage, core blows, shrinkage damage, convection damage, segregation, residual stress, and location points.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006378
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
.... It is possible to conceive that liquid impingement erosion could be accelerated by conjoint chemical action. However, the vast majority of researchers consider the effect of liquid impingement to be the damage caused by purely mechanical interactions. The significance of the discrete impacts...
Abstract
Liquid impingement erosion has been defined as progressive loss of original material from a solid surface due to continued exposure to impacts by liquid drops or jets. This article focuses on the core nature of erosion by liquid impingement, due to the greater appreciation of the distinctions between the different forms of erosion. It discusses steam turbine blade erosion, aircraft rain erosion, and rain erosion of wind turbine blades. The article describes the mechanisms of liquid impact erosion and time dependence of erosion rate. It reviews critical empirical observations regarding both impingement variables (velocity, impact angle, droplet size, and physical properties of liquids) and erosion resistance of materials, including the correlation between erosion resistance and mechanical properties and the effects of alloying elements and microstructure. The article also provides information on the ways to combat erosion.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003058
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... crack fronts and inclusions, etc. A separate fractography terminology is provided in this article. ceramics crack propagation descriptive fractography failure analysis fractography techniques fractography terminology fracture markings fracture surface markings quantitative fracture surface...
Abstract
Failure analysis is a process of acquiring specified information regarding the appropriateness of the design of a part, the competence with which the various steps of its manufacture have been performed, any abuse suffered by it in packing and transportation, or the severity of service under which failure has occurred. Beginning with a discussion of the various stages of failure analysis of glass and ceramic materials, this article focuses on descriptive and quantitative fracture surface analysis techniques that are used in the examination of glass and surfaces created by fracture and the interpretation of the fracture markings seen on these surfaces. Details are provided for the procedures for locating fracture origins, determining direction of crack propagation, learning the sequence of crack propagation, deducing the stress state at the time of fracture, and observing interactions between crack fronts and inclusions, etc. A separate fractography terminology is provided in this article.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003240
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... transducer is aimed at the same region of the liquid surface as the object beam, where the wave fronts interfere. The image is reconstructed from the hologram by reflecting a beam of coherent light from the ripple pattern in the isolation tank. Scanning Acoustical Holography The basic system...
Abstract
Holography is basically a two-step process for creating a whole three dimensional image of a diffusely reflecting object having some arbitrary shape. This article discusses the advantages, disadvantages and applications of using the optical holography method in nondestructive evaluation. It also discusses the types of acoustical holography, including liquid-surface acoustical holography and scanning acoustical holography. The article concludes by comparing liquid-surface and scanning systems.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003569
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... pressure, the bubbles can collapse suddenly. This collapse can cause surface damage through shock waves and microjets. Shock Waves Surrounding liquid that fills the cavity may have very high speed. When the cavity is reduced to a smaller dimension, pressure in the cavity is so high and the liquid...
Abstract
This article considers two mechanisms of cavitation failure: those for ductile materials and those for brittle materials. It examines the different stages of cavitation erosion. The article explains various cavitation failures including cavitation in bearings, centrifugal pumps, and gearboxes. It provides information on the cavitation resistance of materials and other prevention parameters. The article describes two American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards for the evaluation of erosion and cavitation, namely, ASTM Standard G 32 and ASTM Standard G 73. It concludes with a discussion on correlations between laboratory results and service.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005221
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... eliminated by poor front-end design. Finally, the pressurization effect resulted in very fast delivery of melt into the mold cavity, where the high velocity (once again, much higher than the critical velocity) had the potential to create significant additional damage. Also, damage generated in the mold...
Abstract
This article introduces filling and feeding concepts from the general perspective of what constitutes a good casting practice. It briefly reviews the concepts that may help to clarify and quantify objectives for more effective mold-filling designs. The article describes the preprimed filling system through various partial solutions to the prepriming approach. It discusses the six individual parts of the naturally pressurized filling system, namely, offset stepped pouring basin, sprue, sprue/runner junction, runner, gates, and feeding via feeders. The article also lists the key features of the system.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006303
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... in the filling system, in which the precipitation of carbon on the moving front of the liquid metal forms a strong carbon film known as lustrous carbon. This film is damaging when entrained but valuable when filling nicely, so as to flatten out the film against the wall of the mold. In summary, good filling...
Abstract
Gray cast iron is one of the most tolerant of metals when used with poorly designed filling systems. Good filling systems are necessary for the production of sound and acceptable ductile iron castings. This article presents an outline description of well-designed filling systems for all varieties of cast iron and all varieties of molds. It discusses the general conditions for the filling system layout, including the downsprue, sprue/runner junction, and runner. Both gray cast iron and compacted graphite iron exhibit a growth of graphite in direct contact with the liquid metal. The article concludes with a discussion on feeding of ductile iron.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006137
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... supplied and stored at sintering facilities as liquids in a highly compressed state. This results in two additional safety concerns. Cryogenic Burns Cryogenic liquids or even cold vapor and gas can cause skin damage like that caused by heat and fire. Care must be taken to prevent unprotected skin...
Abstract
This article discusses the requirements for safe design, installation, operation, inspection, testing, and maintenance of sintering atmosphere generators and atmosphere supply systems for both personal and environment safety. The four intrinsic dangers associated with producing and using common sintering atmosphere gases are explosion, fire, toxicity, and asphyxiation.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003020
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
..., like compression molding and thermoplastic stamping, allows the use of molded-in inserts. In the liquid molding process, inserts are normally included as part of the preform, which simplifies loading of the mold and eliminates loose metal pieces that can damage the mold if they are mislocated...
Abstract
Resin transfer molding (RTM) and structural reaction injection molding (SRIM) are two similar processes that are well suited to the manufacture of large, complex, and high-performance structures. This article discusses the similarities and differences of RTM and SRIM processes and the unique design considerations with respect to the physical properties, geometry, surface quality, process economics, equipment, and tooling of a component that should be considered in choosing RTM or SRIM over other competing processes for fabricating reinforced components.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005420
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... on hot tearing. Inclusions Inclusions are responsible for many serious surface defects and internal quality problems in cast products. They arise from foreign particles, such as eroded sand particles, and impurities remaining in the liquid metal after upstream refining ( Ref 1 ). Nonmetallic...
Abstract
This article focuses on the concepts involved in heat-transfer modeling, thermomechanical modeling, and microsegregation modeling of hot tearing. It discusses the modeling of solidification defects, namely, inclusion entrapment, segregation, shrinkage cavities, gas porosity, mold-wall erosion, and hot-tear cracks.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006804
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... pieces can be very significant ( Ref 1 ). Fig. 2 Horizontal vessel that experienced a boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion. Source: Ref 1 Explosion Damage Indicators In failure and incident investigations, component and equipment damage is often used to determine the location...
Abstract
This article addresses the effects of damage to equipment and structures due to explosions (blast), fire, and heat as well as the methodologies that are used by investigating teams to assess the damage and remaining life of the equipment. It discusses the steps involved in preliminary data collection and preparation. Before discussing the identification, evaluation, and use of explosion damage indicators, the article describes some of the more common events that are considered in incident investigations. The range of scenarios that can occur during explosions and the characteristics of each are also covered. In addition, the article primarily discusses level 1 and level 2 of fire and heat damage assessment and provides information on level 3 assessment.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0005650
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
..., is a colorless liquid with a rancid odor that is used in electropolishing solutions. It is combustible and may form explosive peroxides. It is toxic in contact with the skin, can be absorbed through the skin, and can cause serious damage to the eyes and irritation to the skin and respiratory tract. Carbitol...
Abstract
This article describes the safety precautions required for using laboratory equipment. It reviews the various personal protective equipment specified on the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for laboratory chemicals and products. The article provides information on the storage and handling of etchants, solvents, acids, bases, and other chemicals. It describes the safety precautions and procedures for handling concentrated and dilute hydrofluoric acid. The article concludes with a discussion on the precautions to be followed in the event of spills and cleanup.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006822
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... presented. degradation mechanisms failure analysis hydrogen cracking pipeline flaws steel transmission pipelines HAZARDOUS MATERIALS, such as liquid petroleum products and natural gas, are typically transported via truck, rail, sea, and/or pipeline. Of these different transportation modes...
Abstract
This article discusses the failure analysis of several steel transmission pipeline failures, describes the causes and characteristics of specific pipeline failure modes, and introduces pipeline failure prevention and integrity management practices and methodologies. In addition, it covers the use of transmission pipeline in North America, discusses the procedures in pipeline failure analysis investigation, and provides a brief background on the most commonly observed pipeline flaws and degradation mechanisms. A case study related to hydrogen cracking and a hard spot is also presented.
Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0009017
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... Abstract A gating system is the conduit network through which liquid metal enters a mold and flows to fill the mold cavity, where the metal can then solidify to form the desired casting shape. This article discusses various desirable design considerations for the gating system. Proper design...
Abstract
A gating system is the conduit network through which liquid metal enters a mold and flows to fill the mold cavity, where the metal can then solidify to form the desired casting shape. This article discusses various desirable design considerations for the gating system. Proper design of an optimized gating system will be made easier by the application of several fundamental principles of fluid flow. The article illustrates the Bernoulli's theorem, the law of continuity, and the effect of momentum. Most casting alloys are subject to the presence of particles that can deleteriously affect the physical properties and appearance of the casting. The article lists a variety of adverse effects of the particles. Ceramic filters, when correctly applied, can be relied on to trap particles before they can enter the casting cavity. The article concludes with information on the advantages and the types of the ceramic filters.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003226
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... by personnel with moderate training. Preparation and Preservation of Fracture Specimens FRACTURE SURFACES are fragile and subject to mechanical and environmental damage that can destroy microstructural features. Consequently, fracture specimens must be carefully handled during all stages of analysis...
Abstract
Fractography is the systematic study of fractures and fracture surfaces. It is a useful tool in failure analysis and provides a means for correlating the influence of microstructure on the fracture mode of a given material. This article discusses the preservation, preparation, and photography of fractured parts and surfaces, and describes some of the more common fractographic features revealed by light microscopy, including tensile-fracture surface marks in unnotched specimens, fatigue marks, and structural discontinuities within the metal. The article also explains how to interpret fracture information contained in optical and scanning-electron microscope fractographs.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006428
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... efficiency. Clearly the scale of the machines involved vary with the power generated. Wear related damage occurs through different modes, including fretting, impact, solid particle and liquid droplet erosion and high-speed rub between moving and stationary parts (see divisions Wear by Rolling, Sliding...
Abstract
This article illustrates typical wear and friction issues encountered in gas and steam turbines and their consequences as well as commonly adopted materials solutions. It contains tables that present the summary of wear and friction related issues encountered in steam turbines and gas turbines. The article outlines the differences in the operating conditions and the nature of the components involved in gas and steam turbines. It discusses the constraints and applicable coating solutions for wear and friction issues, and concludes with a broad set of challenges that need to be addressed to improve performance and operability of gas and steam turbines.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003571
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract Plastics or polymers are used in a variety of engineering and nonengineering applications where they are subjected to surface damage and wear. This article discusses the classification of polymer wear mechanisms based on the methodologies of defining the types of wear. The first...
Abstract
Plastics or polymers are used in a variety of engineering and nonengineering applications where they are subjected to surface damage and wear. This article discusses the classification of polymer wear mechanisms based on the methodologies of defining the types of wear. The first classification is based on the two-term model that divides wear mechanisms into interfacial and bulk or cohesive. The second is based on the perceived wear mechanism. The third classification is specific to polymers and draws the distinction based on mechanical properties of polymers. In this classification, wear study is separated as elastomers, thermosets, glassy thermoplastics, and semicrystalline thermoplastics. The article describes the effects of environment and lubricant on the wear failures of polymers. It presents a case study on nylon as a tribological material. The article explains the wear failure of an antifriction bearing, a nylon driving gear, and a polyoxymethylene gear wheel.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006936
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
...-transmission technique is also extremely useful for detecting disbonds, core damage, and moisture intrusion in sandwich structures (parts with a honeycomb or foam core surrounded by laminate face sheets). Pulse echo Pulse-echo ultrasonic inspection provides the most information about the material...
Abstract
Of the many different nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques, ultrasonic inspection continues to be the leading nondestructive method for inspecting composite materials, because measurements can be quantitative and the typical defect geometries and orientations lend themselves to detection and characterization. This article focuses on the three common methods for ultrasonic nondestructive inspection of plastics, namely pitch-catch, through-transmission, and pulse-echo, as well as the three basic types of ultrasonic NDE scans: the A-scan, B-scan, and C-scan. The discussion includes the linear and phased array systems that are sometimes used for large-scale inspection tasks to reduce scan times, the various gating and image processing techniques, and how ultrasonic data are interpreted and presented. A brief section on future trends in ultrasonic inspection is presented at the end of the article.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003524
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... in a manner that will avoid damage to the surfaces of the crack By gripping the halves of the fracture in pliers or vise grips and bending or pulling them apart Cooling the part with liquid nitrogen often reduces the force and plastic deformation necessary to fracture the part. Fortunately...
Abstract
This article describes the preliminary stages and general procedures, techniques, and precautions employed in the investigation and analysis of metallurgical failures that occur in service. The most common causes of failure characteristics are described for fracture, corrosion, and wear failures. The article provides information on the synthesis and interpretation of results from the investigation. Finally, it presents key guidelines for conducting a failure analysis.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006470
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
.... For example, ultrasonic waves are almost completely reflected at metal-gas interfaces. Partial reflection occurs at a metal-liquid interface or at an interface between a metal and another solid, with the specific percentage of reflected energy depending mainly on the ratios of certain acoustic properties...
Abstract
Ultrasonic inspection is a family of nondestructive methods in which beams of high-frequency mechanical waves are introduced into materials, using transducers, for the detection and characterization of both surface and subsurface anomalies and flaws in the material. This article describes the basic equipment in ultrasonic inspection systems, and lists the advantages and disadvantages of these systems. It discusses the applications of ultrasonic inspection and also the general characteristics of ultrasonic waves in terms of wave propagation, longitudinal waves, transverse waves, surface waves, and lamb waves. The article reviews the major variables in ultrasonic inspection, including frequency, acoustic impedance, angle of incidence, and beam intensity. It discusses the attenuation of ultrasonic beams and provides information on the pulse-echo and transmission methods for implementing ultrasonic inspection.
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