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Image
Intergranular high-pH stress-corrosion crack in line pipe steel. Nital etch...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2006
Fig. 7 Intergranular high-pH stress-corrosion crack in line pipe steel. Nital etchant. Original magnification: 400×
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Image
Crack growth in X-65 line pipe steel in 3.5% salt water at −1.04 V (saturat...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1996
Fig. 4 Crack growth in X-65 line pipe steel in 3.5% salt water at −1.04 V (saturated calomel electrode) and at four frequencies. Source: Ref 3
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Image
(a) API X-70 line pipe (75 mm, or 2.875 in., diameter) coated with three la...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 December 2019
Fig. 28 (a) API X-70 line pipe (75 mm, or 2.875 in., diameter) coated with three layers of polymers for salt water corrosion protection; (b) line pipe steel on left side and polymer layers (Nos. 1, 2, and 3) on right side etched using Klemm’s I reagent and viewed using polarized light
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Image
Effect of cyclic frequency on corrosion fatigue. (a) High-strength steel 43...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1996
Fig. 65 Effect of cyclic frequency on corrosion fatigue. (a) High-strength steel 4340 M exposed to water and vacuum. Source: Ref 89 . (b) X-65 line pipe steel exposed to air and salt water with a superimposed cathodic potential. Source: Ref 90
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Image
Focused ion beam lift-out transmission electron microscope (TEM) specimen a...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2024
Fig. 11 Focused ion beam lift-out transmission electron microscope (TEM) specimen and TEM investigation of stress-corrosion crack tip in an X52 line pipe steel. (a) Scanning electron microscope image of an active crack tip. (b) Plan-view TEM lift-out TEM sample from the same crack tip. (c, d
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Book Chapter
External Corrosion of Oil and Natural Gas Pipelines
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004213
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... pipe steels Table 2 Chemical and tensile requirements of common long seam welded line pipe steels Grade Composition, wt% max Yield strength minimum Ultimate tensile strength minimum C Mn P S MPa ksi MPa ksi A 0.22 0.9 0.03 0.03 207 30 331 48 B 0.26 1.2 0.03...
Abstract
This article describes the mechanisms of differential corrosion cells corrosion, microbiologically influenced corrosion, and stray direct current corrosion. It discusses the most common causes and contributing factors for corrosion and stress-corrosion cracking, as well as prevention, mitigation, detection, and repair processes.
Book Chapter
Use of Failure Analysis in Materials Selection
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002458
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... analysis in materials selection and materials development/refinement. chipper knives failure analysis line pipe steels materials selection oxygen furnace precipitator wires MATERIALS SELECTION for parts or components usually occurs under two conditions. The first is when a new part...
Abstract
This article describes the relationship between failure analysis and materials selection and a basic procedure for performing a failure analysis. It discusses the methods for analyzing failures to improve materials selection and presents examples that illustrate the use of failure analysis in materials selection and materials development/refinement.
Image
Crack in ASTM A216 grade WCB carbon steel elbow from a piping line. The elb...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2024
Fig. 16 Crack in ASTM A216 grade WCB carbon steel elbow from a piping line. The elbow failed due to a longitudinal crack from a fatigue fracture mechanism after decades in service. The fracture initiated along the inner surface, with additional small secondary fatigue cracks along the outer
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Image
Concept of centrifugal process for production of ceramic-lined steel pipes....
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2008
Fig. 6 Concept of centrifugal process for production of ceramic-lined steel pipes. Source: Ref 6
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006007
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... Abstract Functional fusion-bonded epoxy (FBE) coatings are used as external pipe coatings, base layer for three-layer pipe-coating systems, internal pipe linings, and corrosion coatings for concrete reinforcing steel (rebar). This article provides information on the chemistries of FBE...
Abstract
Functional fusion-bonded epoxy (FBE) coatings are used as external pipe coatings, base layer for three-layer pipe-coating systems, internal pipe linings, and corrosion coatings for concrete reinforcing steel (rebar). This article provides information on the chemistries of FBE, and discusses the application procedures for internal and external FBE pipe coating. The procedures involve pipe inspection, surface preparation, heating, powder application, curing, cooling, coating inspection, and repairing. It describes the problems and solutions for FBE external pipe coatings, girth weld FBE application, FBE custom coatings, internal FBE pipe linings, and FBE rebar coatings.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001820
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... (1000 psi) and are made of steel pipes welded or mechanically coupled together. Since the 1940s, all of the lines have been assembled by welding. The third type of pipeline is a gas-distribution line that mainly transports natural gas within cities at pressures that vary from several tens of pounds per...
Abstract
This article describes the failure characteristics of high-pressure long-distance pipelines. It discusses the causes of pipeline failures and the procedures used to investigate them. The use of fracture mechanics in failure investigations and in developing remedial measures is also reviewed.
Book Chapter
Steel Tubular Products
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003096
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract This article discusses the classifications, specifications, applications and methods for producing welded and seamless steel tubular products, including pipes and tubes. Common types of pipes include standard pipe, conduit pipe, piling pipe, pipe for nipples, transmission or line pipe...
Abstract
This article discusses the classifications, specifications, applications and methods for producing welded and seamless steel tubular products, including pipes and tubes. Common types of pipes include standard pipe, conduit pipe, piling pipe, pipe for nipples, transmission or line pipe, water main pipe, oil country tubular goods, water well pipe, and pressure pipe. Pipes in suitable sizes, and most of the products classified as tubing, both seamless and welded, may be cold finished. Pressure tubes are given a separate classification by both the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and producers. The term tube covers three groups, including pressure tubes, structural tubing, and mechanical tubing.
Book Chapter
Steel Tubular Products
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001020
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... for fabricated structural steel and pipe 5CT Specification for casing and tubing 5D Specification for drill pipe 5L Specification for line pipe CSA standard CAN3-Z245.1-M86 Steel line pipe (a) This ASTM specification is also published by ASME, which adds an “S” in front...
Abstract
This article discusses tubular products made from wrought carbon or alloy constructional steels, particularly pipe, specialty tubing, and oil country tubular goods. The article covers product classifications, available specifications, chemical compositions, sizes, and other dimensional attributes. Some of the common types of pipe are standard pipe, conduit pipe, piling pipe, pipe for nipples, transmission or line pipe, water main and water well pipe, and pressure pipe. Pipe in suitable sizes and most products classified as tubing, both seamless and welded, may be cold finished. Pressure tubes, a separate classification, include double-wall brazed tubing, structural tubing, welded mechanical tubing, continuous-welded cold-finished mechanical tubing, and seamless mechanical tubing.
Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002387
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
...: Power Plant Diagnostics Go On-Line, Mechanical Engineering , Dec 1989 This article focuses on the subject of proactive or predictive maintenance, with particular emphasis on the control and prediction of corrosion damage for life extension and failure prevention. Corrosion is a prime source...
Abstract
This article focuses on the subject of proactive or predictive maintenance with particular emphasis on the control and prediction of corrosion damage for life extension and failure prevention. It discusses creep life assessment from the perspective of creep-rupture properties and creepcrack growth. Practical methods based on replication and parametric approaches are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Failures of Pipelines
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006822
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... along the rupture site is shown in Fig. 1 . Fig. 1 Rupture site of a natural gas transmission line with multiple scattered steel pipe fragments (several outside the image) Interpretation of fracture-surface planes and features often allows the failure analyst to locate the rupture origin...
Abstract
This article discusses the failure analysis of several steel transmission pipeline failures, describes the causes and characteristics of specific pipeline failure modes, and introduces pipeline failure prevention and integrity management practices and methodologies. In addition, it covers the use of transmission pipeline in North America, discusses the procedures in pipeline failure analysis investigation, and provides a brief background on the most commonly observed pipeline flaws and degradation mechanisms. A case study related to hydrogen cracking and a hard spot is also presented.
Book Chapter
Simulated Service Testing in Soil
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003651
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... 19. Vrable J.B. , “Stress Corrosion Behavior of Line-Pipe Steels in Underground Environments,” Project 59.001-001(2), United States Steel Corporation , July 1970 Selected References Selected References • Adler Flitton M.K. , Mizia R.E. , and Bishop C.W...
Abstract
This article describes the test methods for evaluating the durability of a metal in soil. It provides useful information on soil characteristics such as soil electrical resistivity, pH value, and soil texture. Specimen design, preparation, burial, and retrieval techniques are discussed. The type of information sought during soil-induced corrosion evaluation controls the design configuration and the nature of the corrosion measurements. Consideration of these factors during the planning stage helps the corrosion engineer to obtain the maximum amount of information with the minimum number of problems.
Book Chapter
Hydrogen Damage and Embrittlement
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003552
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... of cyanides, hydrogen sulfide, and water enhances hydrogen absorption into steel. Hydrogen-induced blistering also occurs on steel plates used as cathodes in industrial electrolysis. Line pipe transmitting wet sour gas can develop hydrogen-induced cracking in the pipe wall. When line-pipe steel is exposed...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the classification of hydrogen damage. Some specific types of the damage are hydrogen embrittlement, hydrogen-induced blistering, cracking from precipitation of internal hydrogen, hydrogen attack, and cracking from hydride formation. The article focuses on the types of hydrogen embrittlement that occur in all the major commercial metal and alloy systems, including stainless steels, nickel-base alloys, aluminum and aluminum alloys, titanium and titanium alloys, copper and copper alloys, and transition and refractory metals. The specific types of hydrogen embrittlement discussed include internal reversible hydrogen embrittlement, hydrogen environment embrittlement, and hydrogen reaction embrittlement. The article describes preservice and early-service fractures of commodity-grade steel components suspected of hydrogen embrittlement. Some prevention strategies for design and manufacturing problem-induced hydrogen embrittlement are also reviewed.
Book Chapter
Hydrogen Damage and Embrittlement
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006784
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... cyanides. The presence of cyanides, hydrogen sulfide, and water enhances hydrogen absorption into steel. Hydrogen-induced blistering also occurs on steel plates used as cathodes in industrial electrolysis. Line pipe transmitting wet sour gas can develop hydrogen-induced cracking in the pipe wall. When...
Abstract
Hydrogen damage is a term used to designate a number of processes in metals by which the load-carrying capacity of the metal is reduced due to the presence of hydrogen. This article introduces the general forms of hydrogen damage and provides an overview of the different types of hydrogen damage in all the major commercial alloy systems. It covers the broader topic of hydrogen damage, which can be quite complex and technical in nature. The article focuses on failure analysis where hydrogen embrittlement of a steel component is suspected. It provides practical advice for the failure analysis practitioner or for someone who is contemplating procurement of a cost-effective failure analysis of commodity-grade components suspected of hydrogen embrittlement. Some prevention strategies for design and manufacturing problem-induced hydrogen embrittlement are also provided.
Image
Carbon steel pipe is heat traced to keep concentrated sulfuric acid fluid i...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2005
. An end-on view of the pipe (not shown) showed a waterline effect delineating the level of the diluted acid during shutdown to be approximately one-fourth the height of the pipe. Control: The acid line should have been properly drained by designing with a sloped pipe or by purging the system with inert
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Image
Failure of AISI type 304 product gas line due to polythionic acid stress-co...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1987
Fig. 633 Failure of AISI type 304 product gas line due to polythionic acid stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). The 205-mm (8-in.) diam Schedule 140 pipe was used in a coal-gasification pilot plant to transport product gas from the gasifier at a temperature of 430 °C (800 °F). The gas line failed
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