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lightning damage
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Abstract Lightning damage in polymer composites is manifested by damage at both the macroscopic or visual level and within the material microstructure. This article illustrates the effects of the laboratory-generated lightning strikes on polymeric composites. laboratory-generated...
Image
in Analysis of the Effects of Lightning Strikes on Polymeric Composites[1]
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 13 Lightning strike damage in a carbon fiber composite laminate having metal foil on the surface for protection. (a) Slightly uncrossed polarized light, 4× objective. (b) Transmitted light (ultrathin section), circular polarized light, 4× objective. The impregnation outline of the epoxy
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Image
in Analysis of the Effects of Lightning Strikes on Polymeric Composites[1]
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 15 Lightning strike damage in a carbon fiber composite material showing fiber and matrix vaporization and degradation as well as microcracking. Bright-field illumination, 25× objective
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Image
in Analysis of the Effects of Lightning Strikes on Polymeric Composites[1]
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 5 Micrograph taken under the strike zone showing damage induced by the lightning strike. Epi-fluorescence, 390–440 nm excitation, 25× objective
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Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003457
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... removable components, especially without well-designed containers Environmental damage in flight Lightning strikes Affected zones as specified by regulations; generally near attachment and detachment areas, such as radomes, engine cowlings, outer 18 in. of ailerons and elevators, rudder Designs...
Abstract
This article provides non-proprietary and non-competition-sensitive information related to aircraft applications. It presents an overview of reliability and commonly used measurements. Failure modes that cause the negative performance are reviewed based on many types of sources. These include manufacturer service bulletins, reliability and customer service departments, literature reviews, demonstration programs, in-service evaluations, design guides, and surveys of commercial and military aircraft maintenance organizations. The article also describes lessons learned while attempting to avoid overlapping maintainability, reparability, and materials choice.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003456
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... to locate damage, characterize the extent of damage, and ensure post-repair quality. It lists suggestions that can be used as design guidelines for adhesive bonding, general composite structure, sandwich structure, material selection, and lightning-strike protection. The article also provides the basic...
Abstract
Maintainability is a function of the durability, damage tolerance, and repairability of a structure. This article discusses the configurations of composite structures, such as sandwich, stiffened-skin, and monolithic structures, used in commercial aircraft composites. It describes the considerations for maintainability of the composite structures during the conceptual design phase. Sources of the defects and damage, such as manufacturing defects and in-service defects, are reviewed. The article describes the nondestructive inspection methods that are used in the repair of composite structures to locate damage, characterize the extent of damage, and ensure post-repair quality. It lists suggestions that can be used as design guidelines for adhesive bonding, general composite structure, sandwich structure, material selection, and lightning-strike protection. The article also provides the basic considerations for personnel, facilities, and equipment during maintenance.
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in Analysis of the Effects of Lightning Strikes on Polymeric Composites[1]
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 6 Photograph of a painted composite surface, protected with expanded aluminum foil, after a zone 1A lab-induced lightning strike. A cross-sectional map is superimposed over the lightning-strike-damaged area.
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Published: 01 January 2001
Fig. 15 Effect of corrosion-protection coatings on the lightning-strike resistance of fasteners for composites. (a) Fastener with corrosion protection finish, struck by 100,000 A. Heavy damage to composite. (b) Bare fastener struck by 100,000 A. No damage to composite
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Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003427
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... and creates an arc plasma that blows out, severely damaging the structure. Intimate contact of a bare fastener (and/or sleeve) is the best combination found to date for electrical current dissipation. “Hiding” the fastener from the lightning may also be a solution. A swept-stroke lightning strike (defined...
Abstract
This article focuses on the factors to be considered for selecting fasteners for joining carbon fiber composites. These considerations include corrosion compatibility, fastener materials, strength, stiffness, head configurations, importance of clamp-up, hole fit, and lightning protection.
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in Analysis of the Effects of Lightning Strikes on Polymeric Composites[1]
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 7 Area under the lightning strike zone where the expanded aluminum foil was vaporized. The surface shows only slight damage. Slightly uncrossed polarized light, 10× objective
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in Analysis of the Effects of Lightning Strikes on Polymeric Composites[1]
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 14 Carbon fiber composite cross sections showing heat damage from lab-induced lightning strikes. (a) Section showing heat-affected fibers. Bright-field illumination, 10× objective. (b) Area under the strike zone showing matrix crazing due to the impact. Bright-field illumination, 10
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 65 Hybrid Ti-6Al-4V carbon-reinforced polymer composite with arcing and heat damage from a lab-induced lightning strike. Note the heat-affected zone. The vertical line shows the original surface of the titanium fastener and the extent of intraply arcing. Because of its complex shape
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009094
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
.... Included in these articles are the methods and reagents that are used to bring out distinct features in composite materials, such as different phases and areas of degradation or damage. Also included are details of how to prepare special composite materials having vast differences in hardness and material...
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003458
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... assurance from receipt of materials through to completed task Verification testing for static, fatigue, and damage tolerance properties Other considerations, including lightning, flammability, individual component tracking, inspection, and repair Structural Worthiness Considerations The main...
Abstract
This article discusses three typical repair types for composite structures: temporary repairs, adhesively bonded repairs, and bolted repairs. It contains a table that lists general design requirements and considerations for the repair of composite structures. The article describes ten steps for an engineering repair approach to effectively restore structural integrity to damaged composite components. Management, validation and certification of repairs are also discussed. The article presents the design guidelines for analyzing the damage and possible strategies for making a repair. It reviews three repair schemes used in repair design analysis, namely, core replacement, adhesively bonded patch, and mechanically fastened patch. The article also emphasizes the various pitfalls and problems in repair design for composite structures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003043
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... to predict whether a fastener has a large enough countersink and diameter to dissipate lightning strike currents without arc plasma blowby. Although Brick's paper was directed more toward a fuel environment, the method can also be used to minimize damage to the composite from a lightning strike. Brick...
Abstract
The structural efficiency of a composite structure is established by its joints and assembly. Adhesive bonding, mechanical fastening, and fusion bonding are three types of joining methods for polymer-matrix composites. This article provides information on surface treatment and the applications of adhesive bonding. It discusses the types of adhesives, namely, epoxy adhesives, epoxy-phenolic adhesives, condensation-reaction PI adhesives, addition-reaction PI adhesives, bismaleimide adhesives, and structural adhesives. The article provides information on fastener selection considerations, including corrosion compatibility, fastener materials and strength, head configurations, importance of clamp-up, interference fit fasteners, lightning strike protection, blind fastening, and sensitivity to hole quality. Types of fusion bonding are presented, namely, thermal welding, friction welding, electromagnetic welding, and polymer-coated material welding.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003459
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... Abstract This article begins with an overview of the various types of damage that take place in advanced composite components. These include holes and punctures, delaminations, disbonds, core and resin damage, and water intrusion. The article describes various damage detection techniques...
Abstract
This article begins with an overview of the various types of damage that take place in advanced composite components. These include holes and punctures, delaminations, disbonds, core and resin damage, and water intrusion. The article describes various damage detection techniques, such as visual inspection, tap testing, and ultrasonic inspection, in field conditions. Designing for repair involves various considerations including structure types and repair types. The types of repairs together with other issues surrounding advanced composite repair technology are discussed. The article also provides a discussion on the design considerations, instructions, and materials for repair. It explains various paint-removal methods for composites. The article concludes with a discussion on curing equipment such as portable repair systems, vacuum bags, and ovens and autoclaves.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003451
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... Abstract This article describes the types of repair and presents reasons for avoiding damage to a structure or component during repair. It discusses the major standardization issues with emphasis on design, repair materials, repair techniques, and inspection. repair repair materials...
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003445
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... of environmental effect during the cyclic test portion of the damage tolerance test is not easily addressed. Load enhancement of the spectrum, as suggested for the fatigue test, is currently the only option. For verification of other damage tolerance, such as lightning strike protection, full-scale testing...
Abstract
This article describes the role of the full-scale testing in assessing composite structural systems of aircraft and qualifying them for in-service use. The typical full-scale tests include static, durability, and damage tolerance. The article discusses the parameters to be considered when developing the basic requirements for the static test. These parameters consist of material considerations, moisture and temperature effects, structure size, load application alternatives, instrumentation requirements, test procedure considerations, ultimate load requirements, and test results correlation. The basic requirements common for durability and damage tolerance tests, including environmental effects and inspection requirements, are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004139
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... these conditions, but they are expensive. Silicon bronze is preferred, and galvanized steel is still being used. Galvanized bolts and drifts are commonly found in the most demanding of the below-the-waterline applications: bilge fastenings, floor bolts, and keel bolts. The most corrosive damage occurs...
Abstract
This article focuses on the corrosion and deterioration of components on recreational and small workboats. It discusses the materials selection and corrosion control for the components. These components include hulls, fittings, fasteners, metal deck gear, winches, backing plates, lifeline supports, inboard engines, cooling systems, propulsion systems, electrical and electronic systems, plumbing systems, masts, spars, and rigging.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003046
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... industries, most repair relates to two types of damage: environmental factors (such as hail, lightning and bird strikes, and debris kicked up on takeoff or landing) and hangar rash (mishandling of aircraft or components on the ground). Puncture-type damage and microcracking of composites are common; damage...
Abstract
Relatively limited effort has gone into developing repair processes and materials for composites, in contrast to the significant labor and expense that has gone into the development of these materials for numerous critical applications. As composites gain wider acceptance as aerospace materials, there is a need to understand the requirements of the end users regarding repair of these advanced materials. This article focuses on the repair of graphite-epoxy structures designed in a variety of forms for a wide range of load intensities. Five repair concepts developed for generic laminate repair have been validated in this article through the required environmental and load condition tests. These include bonded-scarf joint flush repair, double-scarf joint flush repair, blind-side banded-scarf repair, blind-side sandwich repair, and bonded external patch repair. A brief note on thermoplastic repair concepts is also provided in this article.
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