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lightning damage

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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Abstract Lightning damage in polymer composites is manifested by damage at both the macroscopic or visual level and within the material microstructure. This article illustrates the effects of the laboratory-generated lightning strikes on polymeric composites. laboratory-generated...
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 13 Lightning strike damage in a carbon fiber composite laminate having metal foil on the surface for protection. (a) Slightly uncrossed polarized light, 4× objective. (b) Transmitted light (ultrathin section), circular polarized light, 4× objective. The impregnation outline of the epoxy More
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 15 Lightning strike damage in a carbon fiber composite material showing fiber and matrix vaporization and degradation as well as microcracking. Bright-field illumination, 25× objective More
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 5 Micrograph taken under the strike zone showing damage induced by the lightning strike. Epi-fluorescence, 390–440 nm excitation, 25× objective More
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003457
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... removable components, especially without well-designed containers Environmental damage in flight Lightning strikes Affected zones as specified by regulations; generally near attachment and detachment areas, such as radomes, engine cowlings, outer 18 in. of ailerons and elevators, rudder Designs...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003456
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... to locate damage, characterize the extent of damage, and ensure post-repair quality. It lists suggestions that can be used as design guidelines for adhesive bonding, general composite structure, sandwich structure, material selection, and lightning-strike protection. The article also provides the basic...
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 6 Photograph of a painted composite surface, protected with expanded aluminum foil, after a zone 1A lab-induced lightning strike. A cross-sectional map is superimposed over the lightning-strike-damaged area. More
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Published: 01 January 2001
Fig. 15 Effect of corrosion-protection coatings on the lightning-strike resistance of fasteners for composites. (a) Fastener with corrosion protection finish, struck by 100,000 A. Heavy damage to composite. (b) Bare fastener struck by 100,000 A. No damage to composite More
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003427
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... and creates an arc plasma that blows out, severely damaging the structure. Intimate contact of a bare fastener (and/or sleeve) is the best combination found to date for electrical current dissipation. “Hiding” the fastener from the lightning may also be a solution. A swept-stroke lightning strike (defined...
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 7 Area under the lightning strike zone where the expanded aluminum foil was vaporized. The surface shows only slight damage. Slightly uncrossed polarized light, 10× objective More
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 14 Carbon fiber composite cross sections showing heat damage from lab-induced lightning strikes. (a) Section showing heat-affected fibers. Bright-field illumination, 10× objective. (b) Area under the strike zone showing matrix crazing due to the impact. Bright-field illumination, 10 More
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 65 Hybrid Ti-6Al-4V carbon-reinforced polymer composite with arcing and heat damage from a lab-induced lightning strike. Note the heat-affected zone. The vertical line shows the original surface of the titanium fastener and the extent of intraply arcing. Because of its complex shape More
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009094
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
.... Included in these articles are the methods and reagents that are used to bring out distinct features in composite materials, such as different phases and areas of degradation or damage. Also included are details of how to prepare special composite materials having vast differences in hardness and material...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003458
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... assurance from receipt of materials through to completed task Verification testing for static, fatigue, and damage tolerance properties Other considerations, including lightning, flammability, individual component tracking, inspection, and repair Structural Worthiness Considerations The main...
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003043
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... to predict whether a fastener has a large enough countersink and diameter to dissipate lightning strike currents without arc plasma blowby. Although Brick's paper was directed more toward a fuel environment, the method can also be used to minimize damage to the composite from a lightning strike. Brick...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003459
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... Abstract This article begins with an overview of the various types of damage that take place in advanced composite components. These include holes and punctures, delaminations, disbonds, core and resin damage, and water intrusion. The article describes various damage detection techniques...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003451
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... Abstract This article describes the types of repair and presents reasons for avoiding damage to a structure or component during repair. It discusses the major standardization issues with emphasis on design, repair materials, repair techniques, and inspection. repair repair materials...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003445
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... of environmental effect during the cyclic test portion of the damage tolerance test is not easily addressed. Load enhancement of the spectrum, as suggested for the fatigue test, is currently the only option. For verification of other damage tolerance, such as lightning strike protection, full-scale testing...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004139
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... these conditions, but they are expensive. Silicon bronze is preferred, and galvanized steel is still being used. Galvanized bolts and drifts are commonly found in the most demanding of the below-the-waterline applications: bilge fastenings, floor bolts, and keel bolts. The most corrosive damage occurs...
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003046
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... industries, most repair relates to two types of damage: environmental factors (such as hail, lightning and bird strikes, and debris kicked up on takeoff or landing) and hangar rash (mishandling of aircraft or components on the ground). Puncture-type damage and microcracking of composites are common; damage...