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Image
Published: 01 January 1989
Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 16 Light micrograph showing cutting damage (arrows at left) and a burr at the corner of a specimen of commercial-purity titanium (ASTM F67, grade 2) etched with modified Weck's reagent and viewed with polarized light plus sensitive tint. The arrow along the top edge points to a surface
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Image
Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 8 Light micrograph showing cutting damage (arrows at left) and a burr at the corner of a specimen of commercial-purity titanium (ASTM F67, grade 2) etched with modified Weck’s reagent and viewed with polarized light plus sensitive tint. The arrow along the top edge points to a surface
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005175
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... and compositions of fuel types such as acetylene, natural gas, propane, propylene, and methyl-acetylene-propadiene-stabilized gas. The article describes the effects of OFC on base metal, including carbon and low-alloy steels, cast irons, and stainless steels. It provides information on light cutting, medium...
Abstract
Oxyfuel gas cutting (OFC) includes a group of cutting processes that use controlled chemical reactions to remove preheated metal by rapid oxidation in a stream of pure oxygen. This article discusses the operation principles and process capabilities of the OFC. It reviews the properties and compositions of fuel types such as acetylene, natural gas, propane, propylene, and methyl-acetylene-propadiene-stabilized gas. The article describes the effects of OFC on base metal, including carbon and low-alloy steels, cast irons, and stainless steels. It provides information on light cutting, medium cutting, heavy cutting, and stack cutting. The article informs that the basic oxyfuel method can be modified to allow gas cutting of metals, such as stainless steel and most nonferrous alloys, that resist continuous oxidation.
Book Chapter
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002136
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... Abstract Reaming is a machining operation in which a rotary tool takes a light cut to improve the accuracy of the round hole and reduce the roughness of the hole surface. This article describes its process capabilities and provides information on workpiece material and hardness, as well...
Abstract
Reaming is a machining operation in which a rotary tool takes a light cut to improve the accuracy of the round hole and reduce the roughness of the hole surface. This article describes its process capabilities and provides information on workpiece material and hardness, as well as the machines used. Reamer materials and design, speed and feed, bushings and fixtures, and cutting fluids used are also discussed. The article outlines the factors to be considered while selecting a reamer. It also discusses the applications of the principle types of reamers, namely, straight-flute chucking, spiral-flute chucking, adjustable, end-cutting, shell, floating-blade, gun, and special-purpose reamers, with examples.
Image
Published: 01 June 2012
Fig. 3 Light microscopy image of as-cut surfaces of a stainless steel stent. This image was produced from multiple images combined using an extended depth-of-field technique to allow the surfaces of interest to be in focus in a single image.
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Image
Published: 01 January 1989
Fig. 6 Typical manual-stroke honing machine employing automatic size control. Functions of components listed are described in the text. A, heavy cutting pressure control; B, spring; C, lever; D, feed screw; E, collar; F, light cutting pressure control; G, spring; H, lever; J, rod-and-fork
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Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002187
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... on die castings are usually light. When heavier cuts must be taken, higher feeds are feasible. Boring For boring tools, rake and relief angles are usually about the same as for tools used in turning. The same tool materials, speeds, and feeds can be employed. As in other machining operations...
Abstract
This article discusses various machining techniques of zinc alloy die castings. These include turning, boring, drilling, reaming, tapping, die threading, milling, and sawing. In addition, the article describes the factors that influence machinability of the zinc alloy die castings.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002168
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
...: heat treating, cladding, surfacing, glazing, and marking. carbon dioxide lasers cladding glazing heat treating laser beam machining laser cutting monochromatic light neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet lasers neodymium-glass lasers percussion drilling surface treatment surfacing...
Abstract
Laser beam machining removes, melts, or thermally modifies a material by focusing a coherent beam of monochromatic light on the workpiece. This article describes the principal lasers used in metal processing: neodymium-glass, carbon dioxide, and neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet lasers. It discusses the operating parameters of concern in percussion drilling and trepanning. The process variables in surface treatment and laser cutting, as well as the operating parameters of concern in laser welding are reviewed. The article also explains the various categories of surface treatment: heat treating, cladding, surfacing, glazing, and marking.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002192
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
..., the parts should be rough turned to leave a 0.05 to 0.25 mm (0.002 to 0.010 in.) depth of cut for finish turning, which is done several days after rough turning in order to allow the material to stabilize. As mentioned earlier, care must be taken to prevent fire, particularly when taking light cuts...
Abstract
This article focuses on the basic metallurgy and machining parameters of classes of depleted and enriched uranium alloys. It provides information on the health precautions applicable to the machining of depleted uranium alloys. The article also discusses tool wear and the types of tools used in uranium alloy machining.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02b.a0006558
EISBN: 978-1-62708-210-5
..., the clearance angle between the tool and work should be 6–10° and the top rake 20–30°. Roughing can be carried out at 600 sfpm with a feed of 0.4 mm (0.015 in.) and finishing at 650–750 sfpm with a feed of 0.25 mm (0.010 in.) taking a very light cut. Milling cutters should have a face angle of 17° and a cutting...
Abstract
Alloys 242.0 and A242.0 are age-hardenable casting alloys with excellent strength at elevated temperatures. This datasheet provides information on key alloy metallurgy, processing effects on physical and mechanical properties, fabrication characteristics, and application characteristics of these 2xxx series alloys.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003042
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... motor and a light spray of Boelube 70106 coolant at a high pressure (550 kPa, or 80 psi minimum). Test results showed that up to 40 quality holes could be generated (with no splintering and with smoothly cut edges) per tool life cycle, without use of backup material. A comparison between holes drilled...
Abstract
This article describes the use of conventional machining techniques, laser cutting and water-jet cutting for producing finished composite parts. It explains two representative polymer-matrix composites--graphite and aramid composites--and discusses the machining and drilling problems such as delamination and fiber or resin pullout. The article describes machining and drilling techniques and the necessary tools and cutting parameters. It presents a description of laser cutting. The article also provides information on the advantages, disadvantages, cutting characteristics, and applications of water-jet cutting and abrasive water-jet cutting.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003464
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... grinding, and polishing. The preparation techniques of ultrathin sections are also summarized. The article explains the illumination methods used by reflected light microscopy to view a specimen. These consist of epi-bright-field illumination, epi-dark-field illumination, epi-polarized light, and epi...
Abstract
Microscopy is a valuable tool in materials investigations related to problem solving, failure analysis, advanced materials development, and quality control. This article describes the sample preparation techniques of composite materials. These techniques include mounting, rough grinding, and polishing. The preparation techniques of ultrathin sections are also summarized. The article explains the illumination methods used by reflected light microscopy to view a specimen. These consist of epi-bright-field illumination, epi-dark-field illumination, epi-polarized light, and epi-fluorescence. The article also provides information on transmitted light microscopy.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002188
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... load. (b) For finishing cuts and light-to-medium roughing cuts. Feed rates are up to 0.64 mm/rev (0.025 in./rev) and depth of cut to 6.35 mm (0.250 in.). (c) Cast cobalt-base alloy tools The nose radius, which joins the end and side cutting edges, strengthens the tool nose and helps...
Abstract
Nickel-base alloys can be machined by techniques that are used for iron-base alloys. This article discusses the effects of distortion and microstructure on the machinability of nickel alloys. It tabulates the classification of nickel alloys based on machining characteristics. The article describes the machining operations performed on nickel alloys, such as turning, planing and shaping, broaching, reaming, drilling, tapping and threading, milling, sawing, and grinding. It provides information on the cutting fluids used in the machining of nickel alloys. The article also analyzes nontraditional machining methods that are suitable for shaping high-temperature, high-strength nickel alloys. These include electrochemical machining, electron beam machining, and laser beam machining.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009076
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Abstract This article describes the various aspects relating to the selection and preparation of ultrathin-section specimens of fiber-reinforced polymeric composites for examination by transmitted light microscopy. It provides information on the contrast-enhancement methods used by transmitted...
Abstract
This article describes the various aspects relating to the selection and preparation of ultrathin-section specimens of fiber-reinforced polymeric composites for examination by transmitted light microscopy. It provides information on the contrast-enhancement methods used by transmitted-light microscopy and optimization of microscope conditions. Examples of composite ultrathin sections analyzed using transmitted-light microscopy contrast methods are also presented.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02b.a0006595
EISBN: 978-1-62708-210-5
... work. Carbide tools should be used for optimal results. In most instances, maximum cutting speeds available on the machine are less than optimum possible cutting speeds as determined by the tools themselves. In such cases, heavier feeds and depths of cut can be used to advantage. Light cutting can...
Abstract
This datasheet provides information on key alloy metallurgy, fabrication characteristics, processing effects on physical and mechanical properties, and general applications of free machining aluminum alloys 2011 and 2012. The effect of cutting speed on cutting force for different aluminum alloys is also illustrated.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001483
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... and close-tolerance shapes. acetylene bars and structural shape close-tolerance cutting cutting equipment fuel gases heavy cutting light cutting medium cutting methylacetylene-propadiene-stabilized gas natural gas oxyfuel gas cutting OXYFUEL GAS CUTTING (OFC) includes a group of cutting...
Abstract
Oxyfuel gas cutting (OFC) includes a group of cutting processes that use controlled chemical reactions to remove preheated metal by rapid oxidation in a stream of pure oxygen. This article provides a detailed discussion on the principles of operation and the process capabilities of OFC. In addition to providing information on the equipment used, the article describes the properties of fuel gases (acetylene, natural gas). It also presents an overview of the effect of OFC on base metal and explains the application of OFC in cutting thin, medium, and thick sections, bars, and structural and close-tolerance shapes.
Image
Published: 01 January 1989
Fig. 24 Pendulum surface grinding (a) compared to creep-feed surface grinding (b), resulting in decreased air-cutting time (c). Air-cutting time in horizontal-spindle reciprocating-table grinding, with its many light passes over the workpiece, is eliminated in creep-feed grinding because
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Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003532
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... (59 HRC) cut without using coolant. The cut surface was nickel plated for edge preservation. Figure 9(a) shows a light-etching surface zone extending to a depth of approximately 0.22 mm (0.009 in.), with a hardness of approximately 62.5 HRC. Beneath the light-etching surface zone is a region...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on the metallographic techniques used for failure analysis, and on fracture examination in materials, with illustrations. It discusses various metallographic specimen preparation techniques, namely, sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and electrolytic polishing. The article also describes the microstructure examination of various materials, with emphasis on failure analysis, and concludes with information on the examination of replicas with light microscopy.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005106
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
.... This laser uses the same type of two-mirror resonator described earlier. The Nd:YAG laser is a pulse-only laser with a cutting speed limited to approximately 760 mm/min (30 in./min). This laser also emits invisible infrared light but with a wave length of 1.06 μm (41.7 μin.), compared to 10.6 μm (417 μin...
Abstract
Cutting with lasers is accomplished with carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) lasers. This article provides a description of the process variables and principles of laser cutting. It discusses the three basic types of CO 2 gas lasers, namely, slow axial flow, transverse flow, and fast axial flow and reviews the applications of Nd:YAG laser. The article describes the basic parameters in the laser-cutting process: beam quality, power, travel speed, nozzles design, and focal-point position. Several material conditions that affect the quality of the laser cut are also discussed. The article provides information on the basic laser-cutting system and its optional equipment. A general description of how well each metal group can be cut is also provided.
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