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Book Chapter

By Tanjore V. Jayaraman
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006448
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
...: use of lead screens; protection against backscatter and scatter from external objects; and use of masks, diaphragms, collimators, and filtration. The article concludes with a discussion on image conversion media, including recording media, lead screens, lead oxide screens, and fluorescent intensifying...
Book Chapter

By Claudia Kropas-Hughes
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006455
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... of plates, cylinders, and flanges. The article discusses various control methods, including the use of lead screens; protection against backscatter and scatter from external objects; and the use of masks, diaphragms, collimators, and filtration. The radiographic appearance of specific types of flaws is also...
Image
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 8 Latitude curve for radiographic inspection of steel using Co-60 γ-rays to produce a film density range of 1.5 to 3.0. Curve is for type 2 film exposed at a source-to-film distance of 810 mm (32 in.) and with 0.25 mm (0.010 in.) thick lead screens both front and back. More
Image
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 1 Characteristic curves for x-ray film that determine type of film and film gradient, speed, and density. (a) Typical curves for three industrial x-ray films exposed to x-radiation between lead screens. (b) Evaluation of gradients at two points on the curve for film A in (a). (c) Density More
Image
Published: 01 August 2018
using a 250 kV x-ray machine, 910 mm (36 in.) source-to-film distance, and 0.25 mm (0.010 in.) thick lead screens. Films were processed using a standardized technique. More
Book Chapter

By Robert Baboian
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003607
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... that lead to galvanic corrosion of anodic members. It also explains the three electrochemical techniques of screening tests for predicting galvanic corrosion. The electrochemical techniques comprise of potential measurements, current measurements, and polarization measurements. The article provides...
Book Chapter

By Manfred Hopf
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005909
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
..., pressure, and flow rates of cooling water Ground leakage current Power/voltage/current Melting temperature (periodically) Monitoring of Refractory Lining The biggest risk of danger exists when molten metal and water come together. Basically, there are two situations that lead to that risk...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003238
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... for the viewer's eyes to become acclimated. Moreover, radiation safety dictates viewing through leaded glass or indirectly by mirrors. Because of these limitations, image intensities have been developed to improve safety and to amplify the images from fluorescent screens. The modern development of low-level...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006459
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
.... Moreover, radiation safety dictates viewing through leaded glass or indirectly by mirrors. Because of these limitations, other methods have been developed to improve safety and to amplify the images from fluorescent screens. One of the early systems (1950s) involved the development of image-intensifier...
Book Chapter

By Paul T. Vianco
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001460
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... packages (lead pitches and configurations or termination materials and finishes), and board assembly (flux and solder selection, process parameters and control, and cleaning). This article discusses the categories that are most important to successful electronic soldering: Solders and fluxes...
Book Chapter

By John C. Bittence
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003222
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract This article focuses on the recycling of metals including iron and steel, stainless steel, superalloys, nickel, aluminum, copper, precious metals, lead, magnesium, tin, titanium, and zinc. It provides information on the identification and sorting of scrap metals and discusses...
Book Chapter

By Mel M. Schwartz
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001346
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... of devices and leads, necessitated a method to precisely place controlled amounts of solder on a substrate, either for lead attachment or for bonding of the device to attain more-effective heat transfer. Solder pastes that are applied by screening or printing through a mask or by application through a fine...
Book Chapter

By G.D.W. Smith
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001772
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... of a vacuum tube, across the end of which is a fluorescent screen. The needlelike sample, mounted on a test-tube-size “cold finger” with a high-voltage lead, points toward the screen. A small amount of an inert gas, typically 10 −3 Pa (10 −5 mbar) of helium or neon, is admitted to the microscope chamber...
Book Chapter

By Jiahui Lai, Min Wang
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 12 September 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23A.a0006892
EISBN: 978-1-62708-392-8
... Abstract Microvalve jetting, with its advantages of low cost, ease of operation, high printing speed, and ability to process living cells with high viability, has been primarily used for fabricating high-throughput drug-screening models, in vitro cellular structures for fundamental cell biology...
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003050
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... such a proactive approach can result in reduced overhead and operating costs, higher product yields, reduced waste disposal costs, and avoidance of potential fines and penalties. In addition, a proactive role can lead to regulations that are fair and economical to the manufacturer. One example of a proactive...
Book Chapter

By Stephen Mitchell, Rebecca Ufkes
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003396
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... design stage. Although the concept and preliminary design stages typically consume only 10% or less of program budget, over 80% of product cost is committed in these early stages. In addition, lead times for design and fabrication of composite components often pace the development cycle. Consequently...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003236
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... materials used for ultrasonic search units are quartz; lithium sulfate; and polarized ceramics such as barium titanate, lead zirconate titanate, and lead metaniobate. Table 1 summarizes characteristics and applications of these materials. Characteristics and applications of piezoelectric transducer...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003753
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... on a photographic plate or viewed on a screen, then it must be real; therefore, optical arrangements that give rise to virtual final images are not of concern here. If the object is farther from the lens than 2 f ( Fig. 2c ), the image is demagnified; that is, the magnification is less than unity. Notice...
Book Chapter

By Michael Rugg
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005854
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... should be able to diagnose a problem with the power supplies from one screen with the fault system running in the background of the display to get quick system information displayed for operator intervention if required. Figure 2 is a typical power supply screen (twopower supplies) for manual control...
Book Chapter

By Dale L. Linman
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001402
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... the assembly from overheating. Typical Materials The typical materials that are joined by this process are solder-coated substrates made from various ceramic materials and G10 or FR4 epoxy laminates mated with surface-mounted components. Solder paste is typically applied to the substrate by screening...